Fourth Geneva Convention
Naval Base Guantanamo Bay. DoD photo by Petty Officer 1st class Shane T. McCoy, U.S. Navy.
EL61/Sun conjunction
"The Terror behind"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
>>The Fourth Geneva Convention (or GCIV) relates to the protection of civilians during times of war "in the hands" of an enemy and under any occupation by a foreign power. This should not be confused with the better known Third Geneva Convention, which deals with the treatment of prisoners of war.
The convention was published on August 12, 1949, at the end of a conference held in Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949. The convention entered into force on October 21, 1950.
As of June 27, 2006, when Nauru adopted the convention, it has been ratified by 194 countries.
Part I. General Provisions
This sets out the overall parameters for GCIV:
Article 2 states that signatories are bound by the convention both in war, armed conflicts where war has not been declared and in an occupation of another country's territory. Article 3 states that even where there is not a conflict of international character the parties must as a minimum adhere to minimal protections described as: noncombatants, members of armed forces who have laid down their arms, and combatants who are hors de combat (out of the fight) due to wounds, detention, or any other cause shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, with the following prohibitions:
(a) violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture;
(b) taking of hostages;
(c) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment
(d) the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.
Article 4 defines who is a Protected person: Persons protected by the Convention are those who, at a given moment and in any manner whatsoever, find themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation, in the hands of a Party to the conflict or Occupying Power of which they are not nationals. But it explicitly excludes Nationals of a State which is not bound by the Convention and the citizens of a neutral state or an allied state if that state has normal diplomatic relations with in the State in whose hands they are.
A number of articles specify how Protecting Powers, ICRC and other humanitarian organizations may aid Protected persons.
Protected person is the most important definition in this section because many of the articles in the rest of GCIV only apply to Protected persons.
Article 5 is currently one of the most controversial articles of GCIV, because it forms, (along with Article 5 of the GCIII and parts of GCIV Article 4,) the American Administration's interpretation of unlawful combatants.
Part II. General Protection of Populations Against Certain Consequences of War
Article 13. The provisions of Part II cover the whole of the populations of the countries in conflict, without any adverse distinction based, in particular, on race, nationality, religion or political opinion, and are intended to alleviate the sufferings caused by war.
Part III. Status and Treatment of Protected Persons
Section I. Provisions common to the territories of the parties to the conflict and to occupied territories
Article 32. A protected person/s shall not have anything done to them of such a character as to cause physical suffering or extermination ... the physical suffering or extermination of protected persons in their hands. This prohibition applies not only to murder, torture, corporal punishments, mutilation and medical or scientific experiments not necessitated by the medical treatment' While popular debate remains on what constitutes a legal definition of torture (see discussion on the Torture page), the ban on corporal punishment simplifies the matter; even the most mundane physical abuse is thereby forbidden by Article 32, as a precaution against alternate definitions of torture.
The prohibition on scientific experiments was added, in part, in response to experiments by German and Japanese doctors during World War II, of whom Josef Mengele was the most infamous.
Collective punishments
Article 33. No protected person may be punished for an offence he or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited.
Pillage is prohibited.
Reprisals against protected persons and their property are prohibited.
Under the 1949 Geneva Conventions collective punishments are a war crime. Article 33 states: "No protected person may be punished for an offense he or she has not personally committed," and "collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited."
By collective punishment, the drafters of the Geneva Conventions had in mind the reprisal killings of World Wars I and II. In the First World War, Germans executed Belgian villagers in mass retribution for resistance activity. In World War II, Nazis carried out a form of collective punishment to suppress resistance. Entire villages or towns or districts were held responsible for any resistance activity that took place there. The conventions, to counter this, reiterated the principle of individual responsibility. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Commentary to the conventions states that parties to a conflict often would resort to "intimidatory measures to terrorize the population" in hopes of preventing hostile acts, but such practices "strike at guilty and innocent alike. They are opposed to all principles based on humanity and justice."
Additional Protocol II of 1977 explicitly forbids collective punishment. But as fewer states have ratified this protocol than GCIV, GCIV Article 33. is the one more commonly quoted.
Right of return
Article 49. The second paragraph of Article 49 provides that persons displaced during armed conflict must be transferred back to their homes as soon as hostilities in the area in question have ceased. This right of displaced persons is often referred to as the "right of return" and has been reaffirmed in later international treaties and conventions. State Practice also establishes this rule as a norm of customary international law, according to the International Committee of the Red Cross.
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Examples of what may be behind Geneva Conventions:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
>>The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a controversial United States detention center operated by Joint Task Force Guantanamo since 2002 in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which is on the shore of Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. The detainment areas consist of three camps in the base: Camp Delta (which includes Camp Echo), Camp Iguana, and Camp X-Ray (which has been closed). The facility is often referred to as Guantanamo, or Gitmo (derived from the abbreviation "GTMO"). The detainees currently held as of June 2008 have been classified by the United States as "enemy combatants" After claims were made that these prisoners were not entitled to the protections of the Geneva Conventions, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against this interpretation on 29 June 2006. Following this, on July 7, 2006, the Department of Defense issued an internal memo stating that prisoners will in the future be entitled to protection under the Geneva Conventions.
Since the beginning of the current war in Afghanistan, 775 detainees have been brought to Guantanamo, approximately 420 of which have been released without charge. As of May 2008, approximately 270 detainees remain. More than a fifth are cleared for release but may have to wait months or years because U.S. officials are finding it increasingly difficult to persuade countries to accept them, according to officials and defense lawyers. Of the roughly 355 still incarcerated, U.S. officials said they intend to eventually put 60 to 80 on trial and free the rest. On February 9, 2008, it was reported that 6 of the detainees at the Guantanamo Bay facility would be tried for conspiracy in the September 11, 2001 attacks. In May 2008, the Pentagon claimed that 36 former Guantanamo inmates were "confirmed or suspected of having returned to terrorism"<<
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Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
>>Beginning in 2004, accounts of abuse, torture, sodomy and homicide of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq (also known as Baghdad Correctional Facility) came to public attention. The acts were committed by some personnel of the 372nd Military Police Company of the United States Army together with additional American governmental agencies. These additional agencies have been referred to as the OGA (Other Government Agencies), which is an often used euphemism for the Central Intelligence Agency.
As revealed by the 2004 Taguba Report, a criminal investigation by the US Army Criminal Investigation Command had already been underway since 2003 where multiple recruits from the 320th MP Battalion had been charged under the Uniform Code of Military Justice with prisoner abuse. In 2004 articles of the abuse, including pictures showing military personnel abusing prisoners, came to public attention, when a 60 Minutes II news report (April 28) and an article by Seymour M. Hersh in The New Yorker magazine (posted online on April 30 and published days later in the May 10 issue) reported the story. Janis Karpinski, the commander of Abu Ghraib, demoted for her lack of oversight regarding the abuse, estimated later that 90% of detainees in the prison were innocent.<<
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Assuming noon in Geneva (Lat46n12 - Lon6e09), 11:00 UT
Using RIYAL 3.1
Astrological Setting (Tropical - Placidus)
RIYAL Fri August 12 1949 UT 11h00m00s Lat46n12 Lon6e09 SORT ALL
Planet Longit. Latit. Declin. Const.
CF119 = 0Ge11 17n44 37n28 Per
CO1 = 0Ar18 r 19s55 18s05 Cet
(Moon) = 0Ar20 1s34 1s18 Psc
OO67 = 0Sa21 r 19n51 0s47 Ser
GV9 = 0Le53 16s54 3n26 CMi
TO66 = 1Aq08 r 23s01 42s14 Mic
CY118 = 1Ca09 24s13 0s46 Ori
(Ascend) = 1Sc11 0n00 11s53 Vir
RP120 = 1Sc25 10s45 22s01 Vir
BL41 = 1Sc34 12s04 23s18 Hya
Radamantu= 1Ca55 12n21 35n47 Aur
RZ214 = 1Cp56 r 18n05 5s21 Ser
CE10 = 2Sc07 32s26 42s07 Cen
CR105 = 2Ge08 20s59 0s01 Eri
GB32 = 2Le19 11s27 8n29 Cnc
Varuna = 2Ta20 r 15s51 2s38 Cet
Chiron = 2Sa55 4n36 16s14 Sco
VU2 = 3Li08 11s08 11s27 Crt
Chariklo = 3Sa14 19s17 39s40 Lup
Uranus = 3Ca33 0n14 23n38 Gem
CZ118 = 4Le09 18n38 37n14 Lyn
RN43 = 4Sa44 r 16n56 4s25 Oph
HB57 = 4Le48 14s36 4n52 Hya
SA278 = 4Pi53 r 4n23 5s39 Aqr
Quaoar = 4Li53 0s20 2s15 Vir
Asbolus = 4Ca56 17n08 40n29 Aur
Crantor = 4Ar57 r 12s06 9s08 Cet
Mercury = 5Vi25 1n08 10n35 Leo
Vertex = 5Ge30
GQ21 = 5Le45 12s10 7n01 Cnc
UR163 = 6Aq26 r 0n05 18s36 Cap
Hylonome = 6Ta32 r 2s32 11n19 Ari
PA44 = 6Li34 0s56 3s28 Vir
Saturn = 6Vi57 1n37 10n28 Leo
Eris = 7Ar22 r 24s50 19s49 Cet
LE31 = 8Ar01 r 29s08 23s28 Cet
RR43 = 8Aq06 r 20s56 38s20 Mic
KF77 = 8Ca30 4n13 27n23 Gem
TY364 = 8Aq45 r 5n05 13s11 Aqr
Typhon = 9Ar10 r 0n43 4n18 Psc
(Midheav) = 9Le17 0n00 17n56 Cnc
RD215 = 9Cp18 r 25n01 1n50 Ser
CC22 = 9Cp25 r 3n41 19s26 Sgr
CO104 = 9Pi39 r 0s45 8s39 Aqr
XR190 = 9Ta56 r 29n56 42n46 And
FZ53 = 10Pi02 r 25n51 16n07 Peg
DH5 = 10Aq03 r 10n37 7s30 Aqr
TD10 = 10Sc40 3n36 11s36 Lib
Thereus = 10Le53 18s16 0s06 Hya
FP185 = 11Ca08 29s54 6s49 Mon
KX14 = 11Vi17 0s20 7n02 Leo
RM43 = 11Aq19 r 22s26 38s47 Gru
XZ255 = 11Vi28 2n28 9n33 Leo
VR130 = 11Sc48 2n22 13s07 Lib
MW12 = 12Li06 3n43 1s22 Vir
OM67 = 12Sa53 r 22s33 44s40 Nor
Neptune = 13Li02 1n33 3s43 Vir
RZ215 = 13Sc09 23s02 37s33 Cen
Nessus = 13Ta23 3n05 18n48 Ari
96PW = 13Vi24 10n47 16n28 Leo
Mars = 13Ca26 0n40 23n26 Gem
Ixion = 13Li27 16n16 9n41 Vir
FZ173 = 13Ca49 12n17 34n57 Gem
VQ94 = 15Ar01 r 44s38 34s50 For
Pelion = 16Ca16 3s23 19n06 Gem
Pluto = 16Le17 7n39 23n14 Leo
RG33 = 16Ca37 33n06 55n08 Lyn
Ceto = 16Ar46 r 9s45 2s25 Cet
XX143 = 16Vi47 5n55 10n40 Leo
Apogee = 16Ar57 r 0s07 6n34 Psc
BU48 = 17Aq15 r 1s22 16s59 Cap
YQ179 = 17Ta16 18s45 1s02 Cet
Node = 18Ar10 r 0n00 7n08 Psc
TL66 = 18Aq24 r 24n01 7n35 Del
OP32 = 18Sc43 20n53 2n43 Ser
Teharonhi= 19Sa08 r 1s48 24s48 Oph
TC302 = 19Pi16 r 21s55 24s16 Cet
QF6 = 19Vi20 11n08 14n26 Leo
Sun = 19Le23 0n00 15n01 Leo
Bienor = 19Ta23 19n23 36n07 Per
DA62 = 19Ar48 r 21s14 11s56 Cet
Echeclus = 20Ge06 4s04 19n01 Tau
Pylenor = 20Ca13 2s31 19n26 Gem
Venus = 20Vi18 1n09 4n54 Leo
EL61 = 20Le36 9n53 23n59 Leo
WN188 = 20Ca41 8s23 13n34 Gem
TX300 = 21Cp07 r 14s45 36s20 Sgr
RL43 = 21Li08 8n01 0s49 Vir
FY9 = 21Ca16 16n01 37n33 Lyn
PN34 = 21Le32 6s32 8n09 Leo
UJ438 = 21Sc50 1s44 19s55 Lib
Okyrhoe = 22Pi13 r 1n09 2s02 Psc
Elatus = 22Cp43 r 2s55 24s24 Sgr
GZ32 = 22Ta43 12s33 6n18 Tau
AZ84 = 22Ta51 4n39 23n00 Ari
Huya = 23Ca30 12s38 8n57 CMi
Sedna = 23Ar43 r 10s22 0s26 Cet
PJ30 = 24Vi22 4s49 2s11 Leo
Jupiter = 24Cp27 r 0s32 21s45 Sgr
Logos = 24Ge49 2s08 21n13 Tau
QD112 = 24Ge59 14n07 37n28 Aur
GM137 = 25Ge13 2s59 20n23 Tau
Deucalion= 25Le16 0n21 13n26 Leo
UX25 = 25Aq24 r 17n07 3n07 Peg
Orcus = 25Ge26 1n20 24n43 Tau
AW197 = 25Ge29 13n26 36n47 Aur
SQ73 = 25Ca35 16n36 37n18 Lyn
VS2 = 25Aq47 r 6n12 7s05 Aqr
OX3 = 25Sc53 1s34 20s46 Lib
Pholus = 27Cp00 r 0n29 20s17 Sgr
PB112 = 27Sa18 r 15s35 39s00 Sco
Chaos = 27Pi23 r 9s47 10s01 Cet
Amycus = 27Ar28 r 12n47 22n27 Psc
QB243 = 27Ca53 3n32 24n04 Cnc
SB60 = 28Sa24 r 4s24 27s50 Sgr
XA255 = 28Ar31 r 12s32 0s47 Cet
QB1 = 28Cp50 r 1s55 22s17 Cap
MS4 = 29Li03 1s38 12s40 Vir
WL7 = 29Li03 5s06 15s54 Vir
Cyllarus = 29Li08 4n26 7s01 Vir
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Focused Minor Planets
EL61 = 20 Le 36 ("The Terror behind")
Sun = 19 Le 23
Venus = 20 Vi 18 Semisextile
FY9 = 21 Ca 16
Pylenor = 20 Ca 13
Quaoar = 4 Li 53 Semisquare
Echeclus = 20 Ge 06 Sextile
TX300 = 21 Cp 07 r Quincunx
OP32 = 18 Sc 43 Square
____________________
TL66 = 18 Aq 24 r
Sun = 19 Le 23
OP32 = 18 Sc 43 Square
Node = 18 Ar 10 r Sextile
____________________
SA278 = 4 Pi 53 r
Mercury = 5 Vi 25
Uranus = 3 Ca 33 Trine
Asbolus = 4 Ca 56
RN43 = 4 Sa 44 r Square
Chiron = 2 Sa 55
Quaoar = 4 Li 53 Quincunx
CZ118 = 4 Le 09
Crantor = 4 Ar 57 r Semisextile
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Ixion = 13 Li 27
Neptune = 13 Li 02
MW12 = 12 Li 06
Mars = 13 Ca 26 Square
FZ173 = 13 Ca 49
Nessus = 13 Ta 23 Quincunx
RZ215 = 13 Sc 09 Semisextile
OO67 = 0 Sa 21 r Semisquare
____________________
AW197 = 25 Ge 29
Orcus = 25 Ge 26
Logos = 24 Ge 49
Jupiter = 24 Cp 27 r Quincunx
UX25 = 25 Aq 24 r Trine
VS2 = 25 Aq 47 r
Deucalion = 25 Le 16 Sextile
Sedna = 23 Ar 43 r
XR190 = 9 Ta 56 r Semisquare
____________________
Eris = 7 Ar 22 r
Typhon = 9 Ar 10 r
Saturn = 6 Vi 57 Quincunx
RR43 = 8 Aq 06 r Sextile
TY364 = 8 Aq 45 r
UR163 = 6 Aq 26 r
Hylonome = 6 Ta 32 r Semisextile
____________________
Rhadamanthus = 1 Ca 55
CY118 = 1 Ca 09
RZ214 = 1 Cp 56 r
Pluto = 16 Le 17 Semisquare
CR105 = 2 Ge 08 Semisextile
GB32 = 2 Le 19
Varuna = 2 Ta 20 r Sextile
Chiron = 2 Sa 55 Quincunx
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Astrological Setting (Sidereal - Fagan/Bradley)
RIYAL Fri August 12 1949 UT 11h00m00s Lat46n12 Lon6e09 SORT ALL
Planet Longit.
PJ30 = 0Vi20
Jupiter = 0Cp25 r
Logos = 0Ge47
QD112 = 0Ge57
GM137 = 1Ge11
Deucalion= 1Le14
UX25 = 1Aq22 r
Orcus = 1Ge23
AW197 = 1Ge27
SQ73 = 1Ca33
VS2 = 1Aq45 r
OX3 = 1Sc51
Pholus = 2Cp58 r
PB112 = 3Sa16 r
Chaos = 3Pi21 r
Amycus = 3Ar26 r
QB243 = 3Ca51
SB60 = 4Sa21 r
XA255 = 4Ar29 r
QB1 = 4Cp48 r
MS4 = 5Li01
WL7 = 5Li01
Cyllarus = 5Li05
CF119 = 6Ta09
CO1 = 6Pi15 r
(Moon) = 6Pi18
OO67 = 6Sc19 r
GV9 = 6Ca51
TO66 = 7Cp06 r
CY118 = 7Ge07
(Ascend) = 7Li08
RP120 = 7Li23
BL41 = 7Li32
Radamantu= 7Ge53
RZ214 = 7Sa54 r
CE10 = 8Li05
CR105 = 8Ta06
GB32 = 8Ca17
Varuna = 8Ar17 r
Chiron = 8Sc53
VU2 = 9Vi06
Chariklo = 9Sc12
Uranus = 9Ge31
CZ118 = 10Ca07
RN43 = 10Sc42 r
HB57 = 10Ca46
SA278 = 10Aq51 r
Quaoar = 10Vi51
Asbolus = 10Ge54
Crantor = 10Pi55 r
Mercury = 11Le23
Vertex = 11Ta28
GQ21 = 11Ca43
UR163 = 12Cp23 r
Hylonome = 12Ar30 r
PA44 = 12Vi32
Saturn = 12Le55
Eris = 13Pi20 r
LE31 = 13Pi59 r
RR43 = 14Cp04 r
KF77 = 14Ge28
TY364 = 14Cp43 r
Typhon = 15Pi08 r
(Midheav) = 15Ca14
RD215 = 15Sa15 r
CC22 = 15Sa22 r
CO104 = 15Aq37 r
XR190 = 15Ar54 r
FZ53 = 15Aq59 r
DH5 = 16Cp01 r
TD10 = 16Li38
Thereus = 16Ca50
FP185 = 17Ge06
KX14 = 17Le15
RM43 = 17Cp17 r
XZ255 = 17Le25
VR130 = 17Li45
MW12 = 18Vi04
OM67 = 18Sc51 r
Neptune = 19Vi00
RZ215 = 19Li07
Nessus = 19Ar21
96PW = 19Le22
Mars = 19Ge24
Ixion = 19Vi24
FZ173 = 19Ge47
VQ94 = 20Pi59 r
Pelion = 22Ge14
Pluto = 22Ca15
RG33 = 22Ge35
Ceto = 22Pi44 r
XX143 = 22Le44
Apogee = 22Pi55 r
BU48 = 23Cp13 r
YQ179 = 23Ar14
Node = 24Pi08 r
TL66 = 24Cp22 r
OP32 = 24Li41
Teharonhi= 25Sc06 r
TC302 = 25Aq14 r
QF6 = 25Le18
Sun = 25Ca21
Bienor = 25Ar21
DA62 = 25Pi46 r
Echeclus = 26Ta04
Pylenor = 26Ge11
Venus = 26Le16
EL61 = 26Ca34
WN188 = 26Ge39
TX300 = 27Sa05 r
RL43 = 27Vi06
FY9 = 27Ge14
PN34 = 27Ca30
UJ438 = 27Li47
Okyrhoe = 28Aq11 r
Elatus = 28Sa40 r
GZ32 = 28Ar41
AZ84 = 28Ar49
Huya = 29Ge28
Sedna = 29Pi41 r
___________________
Focused Minor Planets
EL61 = 26 Ca 34
Sun = 25 Ca 21
Venus = 26 Le 16 Semisextile
FY9 = 27 Ge 14
Pylenor = 26 Ge 11
Quaoar = 10 Vi 51 Semisquare
Echeclus = 26 Ta 04 Sextile
TX300 = 27 Sa 05 r Quincunx
OP32 = 24 Li 41 Square
____________________
TL66 = 24 Cp 22 r
Sun = 25 Ca 21
OP32 = 24 Li 41 Square
Node = 24 Pi 08 r Sextile
____________________
SA278 = 10 Aq 51 r
Mercury = 11 Le 23
Uranus = 9 Ge 31 Trine
Asbolus = 10 Ge 54
RN43 = 10 Sc 42 r Square
Chiron = 8 Sc 53
Quaoar = 10 Vi 51 Quincunx
CZ118 = 10 Ca 07
Crantor = 10 Pi 55 r Semisextile
____________________
Ixion = 19 Vi 24
Neptune = 19 Vi 00
MW12 = 18 Vi 04
Mars = 19 Ge 24 Square
FZ173 = 19 Ge 47
Nessus = 19 Ar 21 Quincunx
RZ215 = 19 Li 07 Semisextile
OO67 = 6 Sc 19 r Semisquare
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AW197 = 1 Ge 27
Orcus = 1 Ge 23
Logos = 0 Ge 47
Jupiter = 0 Cp 25 r Quincunx
UX25 = 1 Aq 22 r Trine
VS2 = 1 Aq 45 r
Deucalion = 1 Le 14 Sextile
Sedna = 29 Pi 41 r
XR190 = 15 Ar 54 r Semisquare
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Eris = 13 Pi 20 r
Typhon = 15 Pi 08 r
Saturn = 12 Le 55 Quincunx
RR43 = 14 Cp 04 r Sextile
TY364 = 14 Cp 43 r
UR163 = 12 Cp 23 r
Hylonome = 12 Ar 30 r Semisextile
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Rhadamanthus = 7 Ge 53
CY118 = 7 Ge 07
RZ214 = 7 Sa 54 r
Pluto = 22 Ca 15 Semisquare
CR105 = 8 Ta 06 Semisextile
GB32 = 8 Ca 17
Varuna = 8 Ar 17 r Sextile
Chiron = 8 Sc 53 Quincunx
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Tentatively, for 2005 RN43:
- Compassionate concern for the oppressed, the weak and the persecuted
- Legacy of human solidarity
and:
- Dereliction of duty
- Noncompliance with procedural rules
- Misbehavior
- Malingering
- Straggling
- Criminal or civil negligence
- Malpractice
- Recklessness
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