Martin John Evans

FY9/Sun opposition

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

>>Sir Martin John Evans FRS (born 1 January 1941) is a British scientist, credited with discovering how to culture embryonic stem cells in 1981, and for his work in the development of the knockout mouse and the related technology of gene targeting. In 2007, he was a co-winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition of his gene targeting work.

Evans was born in Stroud, Gloucestershire, England on 1 January 1941. His mother was a teacher. His father maintained a mechanical workshop and taught Evans to use the tools and machines there, including a lathe. Evans was close to his grandfather who was a choir master at a Baptist Church for over 40 years, and whose main interests were music, poetry and the Baptist Church. His mother's brother was a professor of astronomy at the University of Cambridge. As a boy Evans was quiet, shy and inquisitive. He liked science and his parents encouraged his education. He was brought up in Orpington and he went to St Dunstan's College, an independent school for boys in South East London, where he worked hard studying for the University of Cambridge entrance exams. At school he was one of the best pupils, although not at the top of the class.

Evans was a student at Christ's College, University of Cambridge, at a time when there were many advances in genetics. He went to seminars by Sydney Brenner and attended lectures given by Jacques Monod. He graduated from Christ's College, University of Cambridge in 1963, although he did not take his final examinations because he was ill with glandular fever at that time. He moved to University College London where he was awarded a PhD in 1969. He became a lecturer in the Anatomy and Embryology department at University College London, where did research work, and taught PhD students and undergraduate students. In 1978 he moved to the Department of Genetics, at the University of Cambridge, where his work in association with Matthew Kaufman began in 1980. In October 1985 he visited the Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts for one month of bench work to learn new techniques. In 1990s, he was a fellow at St Edmund's College, University of Cambridge. In 1999 he became Professor of Mammalian Genetics and Director of the School of Biosciences at Cardiff University, where he worked until he retired at the end of 2007.

In 1981, Evans and Kaufman published results for experiments in which they isolated embryonic stem cells from mouse blastocysts and grew them in cell culture. This was also achieved by Gail R. Martin, independently, in the same year. The availability of these cultured stem cells eventually made possible the introduction of specific gene alterations into the germ line of mice and the creation of transgenic mice.

Evans and his collaborators showed that they could introduce a new gene into cultured embryonic stem cells and then use such genetically transformed cells to make chimeric embryos. In some chimeric embryos, the genetically altered stem cells produced gametes, thus allowing transmission of the artificially induced mutation into future generations of mice. Transgenic mice with induced mutations in the enzyme Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) were created. The HPRT mutations were produced by retroviral insertion, but it was proposed that by taking advantage of genetic recombination between the normal HPRT gene and an artificial gene sequenced added to the cultured embryonic stem cells, "it may also eventually be possible to produce specific alterations in endogenous genes through homologous recombination with cloned copies modified in vitro". The production of transgenic mice using this proposed approach was accomplished in the laboratories of Oliver Smithies, and also of Mario Capecchi.

Awards and recognition

11 March 1993 - Fellow of the Royal Society.

1998 - Founder Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences.

3 May 1999 - The USA charity March of Dimes awarded their annual prize in Developmental Biology for research into embryonic growth jointly to Professor Richard Gardner of Oxford University and Evans.

21 September 2001 - Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, jointly with Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies.

2002 - Honorary doctorate from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA.

1 January 2004 - Knighthood (Queen’s New Years Honours) for his services to medical science.

19 July 2005 - Honorary doctorate from the University of Bath, England.

8 October 2007 - Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, jointly with Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies.

When Evans was a student in Cambridge he met his wife, Judith, at a lunch held by his aunt, wife of an astronomy professor. Later, after they were engaged, their relationship was not going well and Judith went to Canada; however, a year later she returned to England and they got married. In 1978 they moved from London to Cambridge with young children, and they lived in Cambridge for more than 20 years before moving the Cardiff. They have one daughter and two sons. Their older son was a student at the University of Cambridge and their younger son was a boarding pupil at the Christ Church Cathedral School in Oxford and sung in the Christ Church Cathedral choir.<<

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Assuming noon in Stroud (Lat51n45 - Lon2w12), 11:00 UT

Astrological Setting (Tropical - Placidus)

RIYAL Wed January 1 1941 UT 11h00m00s Lat51n45 Lon2w12 SORT ALL

Planet Longit. Latit. Declin. Const.

Typhon = 0Ar04 0n25 0n25 Psc

RD215 = 0Cp16 22n34 0s53 Ser

Thereus = 0Ge18 r 13s59 6n32 Tau

Nessus = 0Ta18 r 0n20 11n54 Ari

BU48 = 0Aq34 2n40 17s26 Cap

XX143 = 0Vi45 r 5n01 15n53 Leo

KX14 = 0Vi55 r 0s17 10n53 Leo

RL43 = 1Li34 3n47 2n51 Vir

CC22 = 1Ta37 r 6s00 6n25 Cet

XR190 = 1Ta48 r 33n42 43n07 And

Apogee = 2Ta05 r 2s15 10n05 Psc

VR130 = 2Sc10 1n43 10s37 Vir

WN188 = 2Ar30 24s14 21s09 Cet

UJ438 = 2Li41 3s50 4s35 Vir

FP185 = 3Ca01 r 31s10 7s45 Mon

RG33 = 3Ta02 r 14n46 26n20 Psc

Okyrhoe = 3Cp29 13n53 9s31 Ser

RP120 = 3Sc39 9s27 21s36 Vir

Pluto = 3Le41 r 4n15 23n28 Cnc

RM43 = 3Aq45 19s16 37s57 Mic

Eris = 3Ar56 26s07 22s18 Cet

OM67 = 4Sa23 22s51 43s23 Nor

Mercury = 4Cp48 1s18 24s39 Sgr

VU2 = 5Cp05 5n18 18s03 Sgr

Crantor = 5Pi34 8s16 17s08 Aqr

Jupiter = 5Ta41 1s10 12n19 Ari

Node = 5Li42 r 0n00 2s16 Vir

Echeclus = 6Sa00 3n43 17s39 Sco

WL7 = 6Li24 0n03 2s30 Vir

FZ173 = 6Ca35 r 12n52 36n08 Aur

MW12 = 6Li49 0n58 1s49 Vir

RZ215 = 7Sc19 21s18 33s55 Cen

Ixion = 7Li26 17n48 13n23 Vir

QD112 = 7Ge47 r 14n00 35n24 Per

Saturn = 7Ta57 r 2s28 11n50 Ari

TX300 = 8Cp12 18s38 41s47 CrA

OP32 = 8Sc17 16n08 1n02 Vir

Ceto = 8Ar21 7s18 3s24 Cet

TD10 = 8Sc30 3n16 11s15 Lib

TL66 = 9Aq15 23n37 4n53 Del

YQ179 = 9Ta17 r 19s44 4s09 Eri

CE10 = 9Le33 r 19n37 36n39 Lyn

Teharonhi= 10Sa02 2s03 23s59 Oph

Logos = 10Ge09 r 2s36 19n24 Tau

CO1 = 10Pi30 19s19 25s24 Scl

Sun = 10Cp40 0n00 23s01 Sgr

AZ84 = 10Ta40 r 6n50 21n30 Ari

FY9 = 10Ca59 r 12n10 35n07 Gem

Orcus = 11Ge14 r 5n57 28n02 Tau

VQ94 = 11Ar40 46s02 37s12 For

Radamantu= 11Ge44 r 11n44 33n49 Per

Amycus = 12Ar01 11n29 15n18 Psc

PJ30 = 12Vi05 r 4s11 3n10 Sex

TC302 = 12Pi16 24s03 28s59 Scl

Asbolus = 12Ge35 r 17n10 39n18 Per

VS2 = 12Aq36 2n56 14s12 Aqr

Huya = 13Ca02 r 14s27 8n25 Mon

96PW = 13Vi06 r 10n22 16n12 Leo

EL61 = 13Le30 r 6n20 22n50 Cnc

(Ascend) = 14Pi28 0n00 6s07 Aqr

Venus = 14Sa29 1n03 21s30 Oph

PA44 = 14Le43 r 3s22 13n12 Cnc

PN34 = 15Le10 r 4s49 11n41 Cnc

UX25 = 15Aq34 17n47 0n51 Aqr

Chaos = 16Pi00 10s35 15s15 Aqr

CR105 = 16Ta25 r 22s43 5s05 Eri

Hylonome = 16Ar26 1s29 5n05 Psc

Deucalion= 16Le27 r 0n22 16n16 Cnc

AW197 = 16Ge31 r 16n25 39n05 Aur

Varuna = 16Ar41 16s53 9s03 Cet

Pelion = 16Ge43 r 7s22 15n27 Ori

Pholus = 16Cp56 5n04 17s20 Sgr

SB60 = 17Sa17 9s27 32s14 Sco

CO104 = 17Aq27 1s40 17s11 Cap

BL41 = 17Le28 r 7s37 8n20 Cnc

QB1 = 17Cp45 2s01 24s16 Sgr

TO66 = 17Cp53 24s49 46s47 Tel

GV9 = 18Ca12 r 14s22 7n58 CMi

SQ73 = 18Ge36 r 16n37 39n30 Aur

QB243 = 18Ca52 r 4n32 26n36 Gem

Cyllarus = 19Li09 7n03 0s58 Vir

Sedna = 19Ar41 r 10s01 1s35 Cet

OX3 = 20Sc32 1s54 19s43 Lib

XA255 = 20Ar46 r 12s40 3s38 Cet

UR163 = 20Cp59 0s07 21s56 Sgr

CF119 = 21Ta15 r 18n52 36n10 Per

RZ214 = 21Sa16 15n02 8s09 Oph

LE31 = 21Ge16 r 14s39 8n32 Ori

Pylenor = 21Ge19 r 4s41 18n29 Tau

KF77 = 21Ge34 r 4n10 27n20 Tau

PB112 = 21Sa57 15s10 38s20 Sco

CY118 = 22Ge09 r 25s37 2s22 Ori

MS4 = 22Li10 4s30 12s48 Vir

Uranus = 22Ta30 r 0s16 18n09 Ari

GM137 = 22Aq33 12s10 25s27 PsA

(Midheav) = 24Sa02 0n00 23s19 Oph

(Moon) = 24Aq58 3n17 10s06 Cap

DA62 = 24Sc58 15s08 33s39 Lup

Elatus = 25Sc00 3n04 16s02 Lib

DH5 = 25Cp08 14n36 6s44 Aql

RR43 = 25Cp22 15s08 35s55 Sgr

RN43 = 25Sc24 14n23 5s07 Lib

GQ21 = 25Ca57 r 13s18 7n53 CMi

FZ53 = 25Aq57 28n57 14n25 Peg

GZ32 = 26Ar24 r 14s52 3s42 Cet

Quaoar = 26Vi52 r 1s44 0s21 Vir

GB32 = 26Ca56 r 12s28 8n32 CMi

XZ255 = 27Ca09 r 1n45 22n27 Cnc

OO67 = 27Sc21 19n47 0s16 Ser

Neptune = 27Vi42 r 1n16 2n04 Vir

Mars = 27Sc44 0n23 19s17 Lib

TY364 = 28Cp02 9n19 11s26 Aql

Bienor = 28Pi07 8n41 7n13 Psc

HB57 = 28Ca25 r 15s26 5n20 CMi

QF6 = 29Sc08 22n45 2n17 Ser

CZ118 = 29Ca33 r 20n40 40n22 Lyn

Chiron = 29Ca40 r 7s36 12n47 Cnc

SA278 = 29Aq59 5n23 6s26 Aqr

Chariklo = 29Vi59 20s01 18s18 Crt

______________________

Focused Minor Planets

FY9 = 10 Ca 59 r

TC302 = 12 Pi 16 Trine

Amycus = 12 Ar 01 Square

Logos = 10 Ge 09 r Semisextile

Orcus = 11 Ge 14 r

(Endeavors Aimed Towards the Boundary of the Achievable)

Rhadamanthus = 11 Ge 44 r

Mercury/Pholus = 10Cp52

Mercury/Chaos = 10Aq24

Venus/Ixion = 10Sc58

Pluto/Hylonome = 10Ge03

Pluto/Varuna = 10Ge11

(To obstacle the Alien - Rejection)

Mercury = 4 Cp 48 T Square

Pluto = 3 Le 41 r Grand Trine

RM43 = 3 Aq 45 Sextile

Chiron/Ixion = 3Vi33

EL61 = 13 Le 30 r

Venus = 14 Sa 29 Grand Trine

Neptune = 27 Vi 42 r Semisquare

Asbolus = 12 Ge 35 r Sextile

Huya = 13 Ca 02 r Semisextile

Mercury/Uranus = 13Vi39

Venus/Asbolus = 13Vi32

Ixion/Sedna = 13Ca33

(To Confound all the Laws of Man and Nature At Once)

Deucalion = 16 Le 27 r

Venus = 14 Sa 29 Sextile

Varuna = 16 Ar 41

CR105 = 16 Ta 25 r Square

AW197 = 16 Ge 31 r Trine

(Complex Assemblages/Structures)

Chaos = 16 Pi 00 Semisextile

Saturn/Uranus = 15Ta14

Mercury/Quaoar = 15Sc50

Venus/Hylonome = 15Le28

Venus/Varuna = 15Le35

Neptune = 27 Vi 42 r Sextile

Quaoar = 26 Vi 52 r

(Towards revolutionary changes)

TY364 = 28 Cp 02

(Attempting the Impossible - Champion of a Difficult Cause)

GB32 = 26 Ca 56 r Trine

Venus/Saturn = 26Le13

Mars/Neptune = 27Li43

Mercury/Sedna = 27Le14

Jupiter/Sedna = 27Ar41

Saturn/Hylonome = 27Ar12

Saturn/Varuna = 27Ar19

Neptune/Quaoar = 27Vi17

Pluto = 3 Le 41 r Trine

Jupiter = 5 Ta 41 Quincunx

Node = 5 Li 42 r Sextile

Mercury = 4 Cp 48 Semisextile

Uranus/Hylonome = 4Ta28

Uranus/Varuna = 4Ta36