The Enabling Act

Enabling Act of 1933 (Germany)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

> The Enabling Act (Ermächtigungsgesetz in German) was passed by Germany's parliament (the Reichstag) on March 23, 1933 and signed by President Paul von Hindenburg the same day. It was the second major step after the Reichstag Fire Decree through which the Nazis obtained dictatorial powers using largely legal means. The Act enabled the cabinet under Chancellor Adolf Hitler to enact laws without the participation of the Reichstag.

The formal name of the Enabling Act was Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich ("Law to Remedy the Distress of the People and the Nation").

......................................................................................................

Passing of the Enabling Act

Debate within the Centre Party continued until the day of the vote, March 23, with Kaas advocating voting in favour of the act, referring to an upcoming written guarantee from Hitler, while former Chancellor Heinrich Brüning called for a rejection of the Act. The majority sided with Kaas and Brüning agreed to maintain party discipline by voting for the Act.

Meanwhile, the Social Democrats initially planned to hinder the passage of the Act by boycotting the Reichstag session, rendering that body short of the quorum (two thirds) needed to vote on a constitutional amendment. The Reichstag, however, led by its President, Hermann Göring, changed its rules of procedure, allowing the President to declare that any deputy who was "absent without excuse" was to be considered as present, in order to overcome obstructions. Because of this procedural change, the Social Democrats were obliged to attend the session, and committed to voting against the Act.

Later that day, the Reichstag assembled under intimidating circumstances, with SA men swarming inside and outside the chamber.

Hitler's speech, which emphasised the importance of Christianity in German culture, was aimed particularly at appeasing the Centre Party's sensibilities and incorporated Kaas' requested guarantees almost verbatim. Kaas gave a speech, voicing the Centre's support for the bill amid "concerns put aside", while Brüning notably remained silent. Only the Social Democratic chairman Otto Wels spoke against the Act. Kaas had still not received the written constitutional guarantees he had negotiated, but with the assurance it was being "typed up", voting began. Kaas never received the letter.

At this stage, the majority of parties already supported the bill, and any deputies who might have been reluctant to vote in favour were intimidated by the SA troops surrounding the meeting. In the end, all parties except the SPD voted in favour of the Enabling Act. With the Communist delegates removed and 26 SPD deputies arrested or in hiding, the final vote was 441 supporting the Enabling Act to 94 (all Social Democrats) opposed. The Reichstag had adopted the Enabling Act with 83% of the deputies. After it had been also approved of by the Reichsrat, the Act was signed into law.

Under the Act, the government had acquired the authority to pass laws without either parliamentary consent or control. Unprecedentedly, these laws could even deviate from the Constitution. The Act effectively eliminated the Reichstag as active player in German politics, though the existence of the body, alongside that of the Reichsrat and of the office of President were protected under the Act. Together with the Reichstag Fire Decree, it formed the legal and constitutional basis for the Third Reich.

The Act also effectively removed Presidential oversight, as Hindenburg's representative had stated that the aged president was withdrawing from day-to-day affairs of government and that presidential collaboration on the laws decreed as a result of the Enabling Act would not be required.

During the negotiations between the government and the Centre Party, it was agreed that the government should inform the Reichstag parties of legislative measures passed under the Enabling Act. For this purpose, a working committee was set up, chaired by Hitler and the Centre's chairman Kaas. However, this committee met only three times without any major impact.

Though the Act had formally given legislative powers to the government as a whole, these powers were for all intents and purposes exercised by Hitler himself; as Joseph Goebbels wrote shortly after the passage of the Enabling Act:

The authority of the Führer has now been wholly established. Votes are no longer taken. The Führer decides. All this is going much faster than we had dared to hope.

Formal cabinet meetings were rare during the whole Third Reich and did not occur at all after the outbreak of the Second World War.

The passage of the Enabling Act reduced the Reichstag to a mere stage for Hitler's speeches. All parties except the Nazi Party were banned or pressured into dissolving themselves, followed on July 14 by a law that proscribed the founding of political parties. By this, Hitler had fulfilled what he had promised in earlier campaign speeches: "I set for myself one aim ... to sweep these thirty parties out of Germany!".

It is indicative of the care that Hitler took to give his dictatorship an appearance of legality that the Enabling Act was formally extended twice by the Reichstag (by then a puppet of Hitler) beyond its original 1937 expiration date. <

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Assuming noon in Berlin

Astrological Setting (Tropical - Placidus)

RIYAL Thu March 23 1933 UT 11h00m00s Lat52n29 Lon13e21 SORT ALL

Planet	Longit.	Latitude	Declin.	Const.	H.D.	Period	Inclin.	O. Range
PJ30	0Vi14 r	3s29	8n08	Leo	47.4	1407	5.6	28.7->222.
(Moon)	0Pi24	0s40	11s57	Aqr	1.0	0	5.2
Teharonhi	0Sa33 r	2s21	22s34	Sco	43.4	294	2.6	42.8->45.5
FZ173	0Ca34	12n43	36n09	Aur	66.0	796	12.7	32.4->139.
Echeclus	0Li39 r	0n39	0n20	Vir	14.4	35	4.3	5.9->15.6
FY9	0Ca43	7n23	30n50	Aur	43.0	308	29.0	38.3->52.8
RZ215	0Sc55 r	20s15	30s38	Cen	62.3	1036	25.4	31.1->173.
AZ84	1Ta48	8n24	19n58	Ari	42.6	247	13.6	32.3->46.4
Mercury	2Ar10 r	3n12	3n48	Psc	0.4	0	7.0
Sun	2Ar22	0n00	0n57	Psc	1.0	1	0.0
Eris	2Ar26	27s13	23s51	Cet	95.7	557	44.1	37.8->97.6
CO104	2Aq28	2s22	21s55	Cap	27.5	118	3.1	20.5->27.6
Amycus	2Ar46	9n44	10n02	Psc	34.5	125	13.4	15.1->34.8
Bienor	2Pi54	2s00	12s19	Aqr	19.5	67	20.7	13.2->19.8
Mars	3Vi20 r	3n40	13n42	Leo	1.7	2	1.9
Huya	3Ca21	14s54	8n30	Ori	46.6	248	15.5	28.6->50.4
Apogee	3Ge36	5n13	26n01	Tau
RP120	3Sc47 r	8s35	20s50	Vir	75.0	414	118.6	2.4->108.7
VS2	3Aq50	0n14	19s05	Cap	40.3	247	14.8	36.4->42.3
TL66	3Aq51	23n44	3n50	Aql	60.3	756	24.0	35.0->131.
Hylonome	4Ar02	0s29	1n10	Psc	31.2	125	4.2	18.8->31.2
EL61	4Le34 r	2n28	21n32	Cnc	46.7	284	28.2	34.9->51.5
YQ179	4Ta34	19s53	5s43	Cet	69.7	832	20.9	37.1->139.
DA62	4Ta40	7n23	20n01	Ari	10.3	21	52.3	4.1->11.3
Ceto	4Ar48	5s30	3s08	Cet	61.2	1008	22.4	17.7->183.
GZ32	5Ar15	14s10	10s54	Cet	23.2	110	15.0	18.0->28.1
TD10	5Sc17 r	3n05	10s23	Vir	72.0	933	5.9	12.4->178.
CR105	5Ta50	22s25	7s43	Eri	51.5	3280	22.8	44.1->397.
SB60	5Sa52 r	14s20	35s23	Lup	37.6	274	23.9	37.5->46.8
GV9	6Ca02	10s41	12n39	Gem	41.3	273	22.0	38.7->45.4
Deucalion	6Le05 r	0n21	19n06	Cnc	46.7	294	0.4	41.7->46.8
KF77	6Ge08	3n28	24n46	Tau	30.7	132	4.4	19.8->32.1
Varuna	6Ar18	16s46	12s53	Cet	40.6	280	17.2	40.6->45.0
TO66	6Cp33	26s58	50s13	Tel	39.1	285	27.4	38.1->48.6
Cyllarus	6Li41 r	9n11	5n47	Vir	35.5	135	12.6	16.4->36.1
RL43	7Vi32 r	0s44	8n04	Leo	25.6	122	12.3	23.7->25.6
PN34	7Le38 r	3s06	15n22	Cnc	47.1	173	16.6	13.4->48.6
Node	7Pi42	0n00	8s41	Aqr
Neptune	8Vi11 r	0n51	9n18	Leo	30.2	166	1.8
TC302	8Pi30	25s57	32s11	Scl	64.4	409	35.1	38.9->71.4
UR163	8Cp32	0s18	23s28	Sgr	37.0	371	0.7	36.9->66.3
XZ255	8Ge44	0s13	21n33	Tau	15.7	64	2.6	15.4->16.5
Pholus	8Cp46	9n36	13s34	Sct	29.7	91	24.7	8.7->31.7
AW197	9Ge00	18n04	39n37	Per	53.0	324	24.4	41.1->53.3
UX25	9Aq06	18n39	0n03	Aql	48.7	278	19.5	36.5->48.7
QB1	9Cp08	2s09	25s16	Sgr	43.4	291	2.2	41.0->46.9
Chaos	9Pi09	11s09	18s26	Aqr	48.3	308	12.0	40.8->50.4
VU2	9Sc16 r	8s57	23s03	Hya	8.7	18	14.0	3.2->10.7
Asbolus	9Ta16	10n09	24n10	Ari	13.7	77	17.6	6.8->29.2
QF6	9Li33 r	19n22	14n00	Vir	11.5	19	24.4	2.3->12.1
QB243	10Ca47r	5n01	28n00	Gem	46.9	205	6.8	15.3->54.2
96PW	11Vi13 r	9n57	16n33	Leo	83.5	3703	29.6	2.6->476.2
VQ94	11Ar22	46s50	38s00	For	86.5	2607	70.7	6.7->372.2
Crantor	11Aq29	2s44	19s59	Cap	18.8	85	12.8	14.0->24.8
SQ73	11Ta45	8n07	23n04	Ari	17.1	74	17.5	14.7->20.6
Vertex	12Sa02
XX143	12Le04 r	3n34	20n36	Cnc	26.3	76	6.8	9.7->26.3
GM137	12Li10 r	17n51	11n37	Vir	7.1	23	15.6	7.1->9.2
MS4	12Li22 r	7s16	11s35	Crv	44.1	272	17.7	36.0->48.0
RZ214	12Sa43r	13n04	9s22	Oph	49.9	780	20.5	36.8->132.
DH5	13Cp06	18n38	4s15	Sct	28.5	103	22.5	14.0->30.1
Saturn	13Aq12	0s38	17s29	Cap	9.9	29	2.5
OX3	13Sc45r	2s15	18s07	Lib	46.4	181	3.3	17.7->46.4
RN43	15Sc05r	12n23	4s30	Lib	42.1	269	19.2	40.9->42.5
CY118	15Ge21	25s26	2s39	Ori	63.7	864	25.6	34.6->146.
CF119	15Ta33	18n59	34n33	Tri	65.3	837	19.7	38.5->139.
Thereus	15Pi51	12n20	5n47	Psc	9.1	35	20.4	8.5->12.7
Quaoar	16Vi09 r	3s01	2n42	Leo	44.9	288	8.0	42.2->44.9
Jupiter	16Vi33 r	1n30	6n41	Leo	5.4	12	1.3
RR43	16Cp42	10s39	32s58	Sgr	41.0	284	28.5	37.3->49.1
XA255	16Ar54	12s27	4s51	Cet	50.0	162	12.7	9.3->50.1
GQ21	16Ca56r	13s23	9n06	CMi	56.1	914	13.4	38.3->150.
PB112	17Sa26r	15s17	38s04	Sco	69.2	1114	15.4	35.5->179.
Sedna	17Ar26	9s38	2s04	Cet	117.7	11121	12.0	75.9->920.
UJ438	17Ta28	1n48	18n47	Ari	9.9	74	3.8	8.3->26.9
FZ53	17Aq34	31n42	14n42	Del	35.1	116	34.9	12.3->35.1
CC22	17Aq35	6n49	9s04	Aqr	8.2	20	11.1	5.2->9.6
KX14	17Le57 r	0s14	15n15	Leo	40.1	243	0.4	37.4->40.5
BL41	18Pi36	10n48	5n26	Psc	8.1	31	13.4	7.1->12.6
VR130	18Li56 r	1n05	6s25	Vir	31.8	118	3.5	14.9->33.1
Pelion	19Ta37	8s47	9n11	Cet	21.4	89	9.4	17.3->22.6
TY364	19Cp56	13n19	8s47	Aql	41.0	242	24.9	36.3->41.4
LE31	20Le06 r	18n50	32n32	LMi	7.5	23	152.3	4.3->11.9
QD112	20Ta21	11n16	28n40	Ari	22.5	83	14.5	8.0->30.0
Pylenor	20Ta31	5s14	12n50	Ari	18.0	68	5.5	11.6->21.7
BU48	20Cp38	5n34	16s22	Sgr	36.5	191	14.3	20.5->45.9
Pluto	21Ca16r	0n59	22n45	Gem	40.6	250	17.1	29.7->49.5
Elatus	21Li31 r	5n26	3s21	Vir	17.7	45	5.6	7.5->17.7
GB32	21Ca48r	12s50	9n01	CMi	77.3	3096	14.2	35.4->389.
Uranus	22Ar09	0s34	8n06	Psc	19.9	84	0.8
HB57	22Ca21r	15s30	6n18	CMi	71.7	2075	15.5	38.2->287.
Nessus	22Ar47	1s56	7n04	Psc	37.3	122	15.7	11.7->37.4
WN188	22Pi54	20s23	21s26	Cet	24.0	55	27.0	2.2->26.6
RD215	23Sa31r	21n19	2s00	Oph	58.2	1348	25.9	37.7->206.
Chariklo	23Ca56r	0n52	22n11	Gem	14.2	63	23.4	13.1->18.5
OO67	24Sc02r	20n12	0n50	Ser	79.8	13638	20.1	20.9->1120
PA44	24Ca37r	3s20	17n56	Gem	23.1	53	3.3	3.4->24.8
CZ118	24Ca46r	21n42	42n27	Lyn	80.0	1254	27.7	37.7->194.
Venus	24Pi53	1s27	3s22	Psc	0.7	1	3.4
Chiron	24Ta55	3s16	15n50	Tau	15.4	50	6.9	8.4->18.8
CO1	25Aq13	17s34	29s34	PsA	23.3	94	19.7	10.9->30.5
Radamantus	25Ta25	9n20	28n10	Ari	33.6	243	12.8	32.9->45.0
Typhon	25Pi35	0n11	1s35	Psc	52.1	232	2.4	17.4->58.0
RG33	26Le05 r	32n07	42n31	UMa	12.8	30	35.5	2.2->17.0
OP32	26Li18 r	11n53	0n56	Vir	39.6	286	27.1	38.7->48.1
OM67	26Sc24r	23s35	42s08	Lup	56.5	982	23.3	39.3->158.
XR190	26Ar31	36n04	43n08	And	61.6	430	46.7	52.2->61.8
(Ascend)	26Ca33	0n00	20n51	Gem
FP185	26Ge35	30s46	7s21	Ori	71.1	3269	30.8	34.2->406.
TX300	27Sa01	22s26	45s51	Ara	39.0	285	25.9	38.0->48.7
SA278	27Aq34	6n15	6s27	Aqr	80.1	879	16.3	32.9->150.
Orcus	28Ta12	9n52	29n22	Tau	35.6	246	20.6	30.5->47.9
CE10	28Vi14 r	21s33	19s00	Crt	15.3	31	145.3	2.0->17.6
Logos	28Ta27	2s44	17n10	Tau	41.3	303	2.9	39.7->50.6
Ixion	28Vi36 r	19n04	17n59	Com	48.8	250	19.6	30.2->49.1
(Midheav)	28Pi44	0n00	0s30	Psc
WL7	28Le54 r	6n28	17n54	Leo	17.7	91	11.1	15.0->25.5
MW12	29Vi09 r	1s36	1s07	Vir	52.0	311	21.5	39.7->52.1
RM43	29Cp24	17s17	37s08	Mic	63.2	854	28.8	35.1->145.
Okyrhoe	29Ge34	15s04	8n23	Ori	6.4	25	15.6	5.8->11.2

Focused Minor Planets

Mercury = 2 Ar 10 r

Mars = 3 Vi 20 r Quincunx

TL66 = 3 Aq 51 Sextile

Bienor = 2 Pi 54 Semisextile

Neptune = 8 Vi 11 r T Square

Pholus = 8 Cp 46 Quincunx

UX25 = 9 Aq 06 Trine

Asbolus = 9 Ta 16 Semisextile

Quaoar = 16 Vi 09 r

Jupiter = 16 Vi 33 r

CY118 = 15 Ge 21 Square

CF119 = 15 Ta 33 Trine

OO67 = 24 Sc 02 r

Rhadamanthus = 25 Ta 25

Venus = 24 Pi 53 Grand Trine

TY364 = 19 Cp 56

Pluto = 21 Ca 16 r

Elatus = 21 Li 31 r Square

Saturn = 13 Aq 12 Semisquare

Orcus = 28 Ta 12 Quincunx

Ixion = 28 Vi 36 r Square

SA278 = 27 Aq 34 Sextile

Pluto = 21 Ca 16 r

Uranus = 22 Ar 09 Square

Saturn = 13 Aq 12 Trine

RZ214 = 12 Sa 43 r Sextile

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Astrological Setting (Sidereal - Fagan/Bradley)

RIYAL Thu March 23 1933 UT 11h00m00s Lat52n29 Lon13e21 SORT ALL

Planet	Longit.
Chariklo	0Ca07 r
OO67	0Sc13 r
PA44	0Ca48 r
CZ118	0Ca57 r
Venus	1Pi04
Chiron	1Ta06
CO1	1Aq25
Radamantus	1Ta37
Typhon	1Pi47
RG33	2Le16 r
OP32	2Li29 r
OM67	2Sc35 r
XR190	2Ar42
(Ascend)	2Ca44
FP185	2Ge46
TX300	3Sa12
SA278	3Aq45
Orcus	4Ta24
CE10	4Vi26 r
Logos	4Ta38
Ixion	4Vi48 r
(Midheav)	4Pi55
WL7	5Le06 r
MW12	5Vi20 r
RM43	5Cp35
Okyrhoe	5Ge45
PJ30	6Le25 r
(Moon)	6Aq36
Teharonhi	6Sc44 r
FZ173	6Ge45
Echeclus	6Vi51 r
FY9	6Ge54
RZ215	7Li06 r
AZ84	8Ar00
Mercury	8Pi21 r
Sun	8Pi34
Eris	8Pi38
CO104	8Cp40
Amycus	8Pi57
Bienor	9Aq06
Mars	9Le32 r
Huya	9Ge32
Apogee	9Ta48
RP120	9Li58 r
VS2	10Cp02
TL66	10Cp02
Hylonome	10Pi14
EL61	10Ca46r
YQ179	10Ar46
DA62	10Ar52
Ceto	10Pi59
GZ32	11Pi26
TD10	11Li28 r
CR105	12Ar02
SB60	12Sc04r
GV9	12Ge14
Deucalion	12Ca17r
KF77	12Ta19
Varuna	12Pi30
TO66	12Sa44
Cyllarus	12Vi52 r
RL43	13Le43 r
PN34	13Ca50r
Node	13Aq54
Neptune	14Le22 r
TC302	14Aq41
UR163	14Sa44
XZ255	14Ta56
Pholus	14Sa57
AW197	15Ta12
UX25	15Cp17
QB1	15Sa20
Chaos	15Aq21
Asbolus	15Ar28
VU2	15Li28 r
QF6	15Vi45 r
QB243	16Ge58r
96PW	17Le24 r
VQ94	17Pi33
Crantor	17Cp41
SQ73	17Ar56
Vertex	18Sc13
XX143	18Ca16r
GM137	18Vi22 r
MS4	18Vi33 r
RZ214	18Sc55r
DH5	19Sa17
Saturn	19Cp23
OX3	19Li56 r
RN43	21Li16 r
CY118	21Ta32
CF119	21Ar44
Thereus	22Aq02
Quaoar	22Le20 r
Jupiter	22Le44 r
RR43	22Sa53
XA255	23Pi06
GQ21	23Ge08r
PB112	23Sc38r
Sedna	23Pi38
UJ438	23Ar40
FZ53	23Cp46
CC22	23Cp47
KX14	24Ca08r
BL41	24Aq47
VR130	25Vi07 r
Pelion	25Ar48
TY364	26Sa08
LE31	26Ca18r
QD112	26Ar32
Pylenor	26Ar42
BU48	26Sa49
Pluto	27Ge27r
Elatus	27Vi42 r
GB32	27Ge59r
Uranus	28Pi20
HB57	28Ge32r
Nessus	28Pi58
WN188	29Aq06
RD215	29Sc43r

Focused Minor Planets

Mercury = 8 Pi 21 r

Mars = 9 Le 32 r Quincunx

TL66 = 10 Cp 02 Sextile

Bienor = 9 Aq 06 Semisextile

AW197 = 15 Ta 12

Neptune = 14 Le 22 r T Square

Chaos = 15 Aq 21

Pholus = 14 Sa 57 Quincunx

UX25 = 15 Cp 17 Trine

Asbolus = 15 Ar 28 Semisextile

Quaoar = 22 Le 20 r

Jupiter = 22 Le 44 r

CY118 = 21 Ta 32 Square

CF119 = 21 Ar 44 Trine

OO67 = 0 Sc 13 r

Rhadamanthus= 1 Ta 37

Venus = 1 Pi 04 Trine

TY364 = 26 Sa 08

Pluto = 27 Ge 27 r

Elatus = 27 Vi 42 r Square

Saturn = 19 Cp 23 Semisquare

Orcus = 4 Ta 24 Quincunx

Ixion = 4 Vi 48 r Square

SA278 = 3 Aq 45 Sextile

Pluto = 27 Ge 27 r

Uranus = 28 Pi 20 Square

Saturn = 19 Cp 23 Trine

RZ214 = 18 Sc 55 r Sextile

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