Giovanni Arduino


OO67 / Ixion / Sun conjunction


Giovanni Arduino (Caprino Veronese, October 16, 1714 – Venice, March 21, 1795) was an Italian geologist who is known as the "Father of Italian Geology."

Caprino Veronese      
        


Arduino was a mining specialist who developed  the first classification of geological time, based on study of the geology of Northern Italy.
He divided the history of the Earth into four periods, introducing the terms Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary in 1759,  to classify four broad divisions of the Earth's rock surface, each earlier in deposition. Within each he recognized numerous minor strata, and had a clear paleontological interpretation of the age sequence of the fossil record. The Primary order contained Paleozoic formations from the oldest, lowest basaltic rock from ancient volcanoes overlaid with metamorphic and sedimentary rocks which he saw in the Atesine Alps. The volcanic rocks without fossils which he saw in the Atesine Alps that formed the cores of large mountains he called Primary.

He classified Mesozoic prealpine foothills as of the Secondary order, Overlying them, the fossil rich rocks of limestone and clay that were found on the prealpine flanks of the mountains he called Secondary.
Tertiary in the subalpine hills and the Quaternary alluvial deposits in the plains.The less consolidated fossil-bearing rocks of the subalpine foothills, he named Tertiary, and the alluvial rock deposits in the plains were the Quaternary.

These are the four geological Eras very near to what is used today.


>>>Since the earliest beginnings of geological inquiry, the classification and nomenclature of sedimentary sequences from Earth history’s most recent period has been to some extent problematic. During the first two decades of the nineteenth century the unconsolidated sediment that rested unconformably on Tertiary rocks, capped hills, and frequently contained exotic clasts and the remains of animals, many of which are still extant, was considered a product of the Biblical Flood (the ‘Diluvial Theory’). This origin for the ‘Diluvium’ as it was called was accepted by most eminent geologists of the time, including Buckland and Sedgwick.

A vindication of this view was suggested at much the same time by observations reported from the voyages of exploration of the polar regions where floating ice had frequently been seen transporting exotic materials. Acceptance of this process as an explanation for the transport of erratic clasts, even to the tops of the highest hills, reinforced the Diluvial Theory, leading to adoption of the term ‘drift’ to identify the sediment. This theory was very much the accepted explanation until the mid-nineteenth century. However, geologists working in the Alps and northern Europe had been struck by the extraordinary similarity of the ‘drift’ deposits and their associated landforms to those being formed by modern mountain glaciers. Several observers such as Perraudin, Venetz-Sitten, de Charpentier and others proposed that the glaciers had formerly been more extensive, but it was the palaeontologist Agassiz who first advocated that this extension represented a time that came to be termed the Ice Age by Goethe.

Quaternary versus Pleistocene

After having convinced Buckland and Lyell of the validity of his Glacial Theory in 1840 Agassiz’s ideas became progressively accepted. The term Drift became established for the widespread sands, gravels and boulder clays thought to have been deposited by glacial ice. Meanwhile, Lyell had already proposed the term Pleistocene in 1839 for the post-Pliocene period closest to the present. He defined this period on the basis of its molluscan faunal content, the majority of which are still extant. However, the term Quaternary (Quaternaire or Tertiaire récent) had already been proposed in 1829 by Desnoyers for marine sediments in the Seine Basin (Bourdier 1957, p.99) – although the term had been in use from the late 18th century. The term originates from G.Arduino (1714-1795) who distinguished four separate stages or 'orders' which he said were very large strata arranged one above the other. These four 'orders' were Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary comprising the Atesine Alps, the Alpine foothills, the sub-Alpine hills and the Po plain, respectively (Schneer 1969).
The geologist  Giovanni Arduino (1714 - 1795) was one of the founders of stratigraphy and established the bases of the stratigraphical chronology, using the various geological characteristics of the layers.

His work is presented in the 'Two letters over several directed natural observations'. In the letter he wrote to Professor A.Vallisneri junior on 30 March 1759, Arduino proposed a classification into four great 'orders': Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary .

                                                                                                

The pages shown are taken from the original publication by Monsieur Jean Desnoyers (1829) in which he uses the term Quaternaire for the first time to apply to the 'recent Tertiary' deposits in the Paris Basin (above).



The cover of a review of the Geology of the Quaternary Period by Henri Reboul, published in Paris in 1833. On p.1-2 he states that the Quaternary "concerns those terrains characterised by animal and plant species that resemble those that are living today in the same places".<<<

http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/about/history.html



>>
On September 1753, the swedish consul in Venice, James Guyon, contacted the Public Expert  Giovanni Arduino aside of a mineral Society in Livorno, that was offering him the assignment of to carry out varied investigations and fusions in some mines near Siena.  The reputation as mining expert, that Arduino was able to earn in the previous years, should have crossed also the Appennines, if the officials of the Society in the area around the city of Leghorn (Livorno) in Tuscany, preferred him to other local and foreigners technicians .  

Practically, otherwise the Venetian mining situation, that had its period of greater splendor in the centuries before the 1700's, in Tuscany "in  the previous150 years, around thirty "concessions" of excavation had been permitted: in little more than forty years that go from 1743 to the 1788 the requests for search and exploitation emerged nearly to the same number".

In such context,  the request of capable and specialized technicians , in predominance recruited outside the grand-ducal boundaries, results more comprehensible, because in Tuscany a professional category  sufficiently gotten ready to confront the unexpected revival of some extractive activities was lacking.  

The same mineral Society, that seems to be advised by the consul Guyon to refer with Arduino, in 1751 already made use of the advice of two swedish mining experts, Alexander Funck and Reinhold Angerstein, to verify the yield of the cupriferous mineral  that  were extracted in the mine of Caporciano (Montecatini, Val di Cecina).  

Mine of Caporciano
(Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza / Simona Filardo)


The Society was born as an association of merchants from Livorno (or foreigners anyway) operating in the Tuscan city  (Arduino speaks about "English" people), dedicated to the mining exploitation, and largely based on the initiative of its President, the lawyer Giuseppe Calzabigi. This resolute  entrepreneur, after the failure of the mine of Caporciano, had bravely explored the wild and deserted hills of the Massa area, discovering finally, in the Siena district of Montieri, some veins of copper.

The governmental authorization, obtained by Calzabigi in order to carry out experimental extractive activities in that zone, was very soon prolonged because the engagement demanded by the activities: and it is at this point that the experience and the ability as a true "metallurgist" was necessary, for being able to make effectively the take off of the enterprise. Therefore Giovanni Arduino accepted the assignment that allowed it to return, after six years, to  the mining practice, and he reached Montieri on  October 7, 1753, immediately
received by Calzabigi, with which he carried out an immediate visit to the mine, situated in  "the Carbonaie" locality.

The inspection was sufficient in order to convince  Arduino of the scarcity
and the inadequacy of the structures until then prepared: in particular, Arduino placed soon, as absolutely indispensable condition, the construction of a foundry in the surroundings of the Merse river (said also Mersa), that it is  flowing  at the bottom of the homonymic Valley, near  the mining system.
But Arduino , although its also optimal references, had not  an unconditioned credit from part of its customers. In fact, not much later his arrival, a smelter, such Danieli, was called from the Val Camonica (Northern Italy). This smelter in theory would have had to collaborate with Arduino in the fusion of extracted minerals. Useless to say that the two were hindered reciprocally,  because Danieli was jealous of his job and wanted to act alone, and Arduino, annoyed from not being able to have the total control of the operations, was limited to emphasize the divergence between the insufficient results that were obtained by the colleague and the own forecasts, based on previous assays. As a result of this failure, is however probable that the smelter has re-entered in native land.

However, outside the closely technical problems, followed during this first stay in Tuscany, it is interesting here to place the accent on mining surveying, with significant geologic and mineralogic characteristic, that Arduino knew to put into effect in proximity of the existing diggings.
A good part of the relation, compiled soon after the return to Vicenza (nearly between the end of December 1753 and first days of January 1754) and sent 21 January 1754 to the members of the Society in Livorno, in order to better illustrate the activities carried out at Montieri, refers in fact to the description of the territory and of the new detected mineral veins.

"Signs of many ancient mineral excavations, for the most made as shafts in  which we have found  pieces of minerals of lead and copper that seems to contain silver with dyes of verdigris, are present on the more elevated part of   this mountain,  and that it is composed of vitrifiable stones, or limestones.and of large blocks of Red Diaspro, especially at East...."

Red Diaspro


The introduction to the geologic structure of the Hill of Montieri first defines "vetrifiable" stones and "limestones": it is important to emphasize that, because Arduino referred to rocks, not to minerals (about which it would have spoken abundantly later on).  Therefore, we must  guess that the further distinction that he will operate clearly  between the two great  categories of sedimentary  and igneous  rocks, could already be delineated in these years.

In fact, Arduino continued, if "the calcareous pebble that is called "Scaglione di Albazzano"... also it is divided in several places by scissilis stone... and sandstones are stuffed with talcum and all crossed by veins of Spatt", vice versa the "vetrifiable pebble" (the schist, called also "Schieffer-stein") "in many places appears as crossed by fibers of Marcasite and drenched by vitriolic


Schieffer-stein


Schieffer-stein

Schieffer-stein

Marcasite

waters that are placing great amount of ocher or ferrous rust" and then extremely interesting to notice, in order to estimate the Arduino's achieved scientific maturity if compared with  the period in Schio, like some properly mineralogic considerations that revealed interests that went beyond  the assigned technical tasks:


We have observed in breaking of those Chaffs a phenomenon that demonstrates and evidences that a species (of) vegetation is present also in the Mineral Reign, while we have found it in those blind cavities... of "scagliola", grossly transparent, specular, chalk crystallizations, and similar to crystals: stone that cannot be supposed as imprisoned within the Chaffs at the time of the fusion  and effectively formed as a salt,  for being one of the more calcinable that is known in nature, while as soon as it touches the fire turns into pellucid, opaque white chalk.

"Scagliola"

Even if this excerpt reveals us the existence of taking care of previous reflections on the mineralogic phenomena, the members of the Society were interested mainly to Arduino's considerations about  the two cupriferous veins that he discovered near the main quarry of "the Carbonaje".  These Arduino's considerations about the two cupriferous veins, substantially positive, he had made to follow precise indications for the construction of the galleries, being advised to directly dig in the schist (stone of constant, but tractable hardness), and to maintain a sufficient declivity for to drain  waters and for the ventilation of the tunnels.

The entire description of the examined mining zone then found punctual reply in an accurate Planimetric Plant of the mine in the Hill of the Carbonaie in the territory of Montieri, realized by Arduino with a graphical much similar to that one of the cadastral papers designed in Vicenza:  this plant has been not traced, but in 1756 it  was published in the  periodical "Tuscany Warehouse", in Livorno, without indication of the name of the author.

Therefore, from this articulated relation, the figure of a  mining expert, competent and sure of his own ideas, emerges very  delineated and closely based on the direct observation of the phenomena, supported in more occasions from a tireless scientific curiosity: therefore, if the final judgment was favourable to the continuation of the works, again Arduino always recalled to the caution in the interpretation of the results, since..

"To find the true method to extract the metal  with the greater economy possible and that happened in much mines is not therefore easy and it is only for those that had combined much experience of metallurgy, of chemistry, Physical sciences with a perspicacious talent ... Who puts itself to the enterprise to discover  mines must intend that he undertakes what it is useful, but only if it succeeds, but also of  much uncertain outcome,  because it demands much ability and cognition about many things and with much steadiness and expenses... since many times it happened much for information of famous Mineralogists than the ignorance and the malice of such mercenary persons that have ruined mineral works of great hope".

 It was the final appeal to the correctness toward a rising professional category of which he, rightfully  was feeling to be as a part of: but if, on one side, many mineral enterprises could be failed for the inability of the men that were assigned to their management (a reason that Arduino will adduce also in other occasions), from the other side he could not realize that the technical equipments at disposal at that time, in connection with the insufficient ones that were put in, were producing negative situations too much frequently.

In these same months of autumn 1753, shortly before leaving, Arduino visited the Allumiere of Monterotondo (Mount Leo) in the Volterrano, by authoritative order the Regent,  Count of Richecourt, that meant to resume the exploitation, in spite of the continuous difficulties arised as a result of the pitiless competition exercised by the papal mines in Allumiere near Tolfa. The recognition, completed in company of the former contractor of the same mines of Tolfa, Francisco Macironi, allowed Arduino to discover, despite of the negative  opinion of the colleague, of the "large aluminous stony masses, not known by Italians",  but well known to the "metallurgo" that was instructed in the mines in Tyrol. In effects, the tests that he made near the foundry of Montieri supplied encouraging results, but as Arduino writes, "that happened close to the time in which I had fixed to return in this happiest Veneto, my native land: and for that I did not communicate to person my finding again in order to speak about it it in the occasion to arrive in Livorno or to go by Firenze".

At the end of his assignment, Arduino went shortly to Florence, presumably in the second part of December 1753, with the attempt, between the other, to meet the famous scientist Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti and to visit his famous collection of fossils and minerals. "It will begin here - Tiziano Arrigoni asserts, as student of the naturalist fromTuscany  - a long scientific relation between Arduino and Targioni that will go very beyond the episode of the Carbonaie and will invest also the more general geologic conceptions of the two scientists". It is not perhaps a case that into the pamphlet printed in Livorno, related to Arduino's Relation about the mines of Montieri, has been enclosed in appendix two extracts from the third volume about Targioni Tozzetti's travels in various parts of the Tuscany. Returned in Vicenza, only few days after the shipment of the relation to Livorno, Arduino acquired, on 25 January 1754, the title of "Public Expert Engineer of the city of Vicenza". This was an ulterior acknowledgment of its technical abilities, but above all a workload still more onerous, that it would obviously have contributed to limit its scientific action in the further years. But he did not have reason to worry of this, at least for the moment.


He was interested, instead, to the conditions of the Vicenza mining district , and had received with badly hidden joy the news of the resumption of some extractive activities, demanded and obtained by the Supervisor Zanchi, taking care of the persistent crisis of the company in Agordo. Arduino also trying to show itself as detached, given its delicate position of former "Soprastante",  wrote about the argument to the Deputies to the Mines, confirming decidedly the necessity of continuity and time, as essential elements in the conduction of the mining enterprises:

"It would be for me a new of much pleasure, if I would feel that the order was to perfect the quarry, although now does not have other interest that desire of the public welfare and a philosophical curiosity... In searching of mines, if there are good indications, to have method and good steadiness is a must, because the history of the mines the story of Imperina Valley could be enough.

Mine in Imperina Valley

In America, where it is believed commonly that the gold and the silver are found rasping the earth, like the birds the grain, is sometimes thirty years without to obtain usefulness from the mines, as it is assured by the minerist Barba, very expert of that part of the world. How much then we must be constant, where the mines are much hidden and deep".

Behind these insistent observations the bitterness about the conclusion of its experience in Tuscany was transparent , than also avoided to name, citing instead the situation of Imperina Valley, more lucky, in his opinion, because favourite from greater statal attentions. Arduino would not have however assisted closely  to the umpteenth failure of the mines near Vicenza: towards the end of 1755 it had been in fact newly called in Tuscany and it "went, on condition of being able itself  to leave to its will".

While the "public veronese minerist" was in Vicenza, the industrious Calzabigi had made just the suggestion (advanced by Arduino in the relation of January 1754) to regularize the position of the Livorno Society with the grand-ducal authority,  in order to continue better in the extractive activities.
So, as a result of the petition of the same Calzabigi, with the associates Giovan Francesco Pagnini, Charron and Lefroy ("traders in Livorno"), Francesco I of Lorena had granted the exploitation of the demanded mines, with two


Francesco I of Lorena

distinguished decrees given 26 August and 3 Decembers 1755. Nearly at the same time, the Mineral Society of Livorno decided to draw up his regulation (or program), composed of articles, for to self define clearly also in a  juridical sense. It was reached therefore the official nomination of "Supervising to the Mines", in the person of Giovanni Arduino, in date Livorno, 24 January 1756: with "wide commission and faculty of being able to make into places of these concessions, all the excavations, factories, furnaces, machineries, cuts of lumber, carbons, water pipeline and all that for the good starter and continuation of our minerals enterprise".  
The neo-Supervisor  was introduced well to Montieri, this time accompanied by his wife Leonilde Chiarastella Nogarine, established in Montieri on January 1756: in the "mineral house" at the Carbonaje, little more than three months after to have discovered (during an exploratory excursion in the Merse valley towards Roccastrada) some copper bearing veins in proximity of the "Mersa of the Boccheggiano".

The works on the new deposit were started  and they were probably  rather more profitable, considering that the two directors of the Society, Calzabigi and Charron, writing jointly to Arduino towards the end of the year, lively complimented with him, after a short visit of control to the new mines.

In truth, the Livorno Society did not mean to pour ulterior attention in order to increase the already existing structures and to construct one new great foundry for the mineral extracted from the two mines, as Arduino asked. Perhaps the situation introduced therefore static anchor in the summer of 1757, when the Supervising traced, to use of the Society, a first draft in order to make design of the Mines of the Mersa, with the Berg-Compass divided in hours 24, with the new zones to examine. Fortunately were signaled in hollow activity and for Arduino, the reputation of its competence and its exactness in the application of the mining jobs had caught up also the General Auditor of Siena, Giulio Franchini Taviani, which, asked by Count Francisco Liberati from Parma that needed of a valid advising for the mines of Cinnabar in Silvena (in the county of

Cinnabar

Santa Fiora ) (of which he was the concessionary), commissioned the Venetian "minerista"  to carry out an inspection in the zone and to spread an adequate report. In taking care of the Exposure, written up on 26 July 1757, Arduino expressed a clearly contrary opinion about the continuation of the research works of mercury (said also "alive silver"), until then put into effect  with the system "open quarry". Later on to a precise geologic examination of the territory, than between the other it it had still carried to recognize the various nature of cliffs (defined "vitreous, and the maximum part of marly nature, and calcareous"), he concluded asserting that:

"The pointed out confusion, that identify in the inner structure, and neighboring
Mountains, and the tumultuary mess of the heterogenous materials, would be enough to anyone that has  the necessary practice of the Metallurgy, and hard cognitions of the Physical basement, in order to remove the regular hope that in the same ones can be met metallic veins, and with sufficient continuity and extension, for to render the excavation lucrative".

According to Arduino, it was a frequent phenomenon, much typical of all the so-called "Mineral Mounts", to have layers or veins of metallic minerals dispersed into their inside up to considerable depth irregularly, apparently embedded between cliffs of various nature or homogeneous.
 However, even if in this case a matter useful for definitive conclusions was present, and matured after decades of mining observations on the territory, the main innovation of this Exposure (as already in part of the above-mentioned Relation on the mines of Montieri) was the insertion, by now indispensable, of a more wide geologic reflection, suggested by the examined mountainous structures. The exploration of the Hill of Montieri had carried to the identification of the two main categories of rocks: "vetrescibili" and "calcareous":  the same distinction, found also in the zone of Santa Fiora,  suggested a more deepened analysis on the geo-morphologic transformations of the territory.

"Not only in the site of the Mercurial Mines, but also in a large area around them, everything is looked as unsettled, shattered, and disarranged by the force, I believe, of ancient volcanoes,  with great relics that are still present... there are  exhaling caverns, cracks, and opened craters with perennial burning smoke, and very fetid sulfur breaths. Beyond many stones, that seem burned, and calcined,  also I observed many of them that appear to be fused,  vomited outside from the volcanic openings..."


The singularity and the importance at this excerpt is crystalline: in fact, previously Arduino never wrote about the effects of the volcanism in the lands that he had to study from a closely mineralogic point of view. Indeed, the same term "ancient volcanoes" never was used by  the Venetian "metallurgist".
It is possible that such affirmation was not the fruit of an unexpected intuition: perhaps already for a long time Arduino meditated without  finding  the necessary emergency in order to express it adequately, at a theoretical level. Undoubtedly, he was relieved and stimulated to render his opinions by the reading the Relations about some travels made by Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti  in various places of the Tuscany,  published from 1751 to 1754: not by chance, pointing out the furnaces of fusion present in Silvena, our "minerist" had identified "that species of Granite, called "Peperino", with which they were constructed, like and...!!!! stone, or more rather lava of the high


"Peperino" blocks

"Peperino"

neighbor Mountain of Santa Fiora that was, I believe with the very famous Naturalists Micheli and Targioni-Tozzetti, one of the extinguished Volcanoes in the remotest times, and immemorial, for those same observations, done again by me in situ, scholarly written by the praised Mr. Targioni in the Relations about its travels for in Tuscany, full of  the more interesting lights for Natural Science, and the Physical History of the Earth".
The "Mountain of Santa Fiora " was just the Mount Amiata, considered of volcanic origin by Pier Antonio Micheli since 1733: approximately twenty years after, Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti, resuming the observations of his master, remained until then unpublished  and therefore almost unknown, and publishing some significant extracts in order to strengthen the own convictions about the Amiata, that he also considered an extinct volcano.

Mount Amiata

The Micheli's scientific stature, estimated above all for its enormous work as botanist, thanks to the participation of Targioni Tozzetti therefore had become rich of a "unquestioned supremacy  in the history of geology: nobody had previously recognized an extinguished volcano  to outside of the present volcanic regions". Arduino  remained therefore remarkablly influenced, beyond  the Micheli's conclusions, also from the descriptions and the geo-mineralogic analyses operated by Targioni Tozzetti during its travels.  And in effects, the mineralogic analysis of the mining zone of Silvena represents certainly  the higher point , for accuracy and precision, caught up by the Arduino's scientific prose of these years, if compared, as an example, with the Relation in 1754 (vitiated, between the other, by an often difficult syntactic stalk). If Arduino, from simple "minerista", was gradually transforming itself in a careful student of the geologic phenomena, he had an extreme criticism against who confused the severity of the "metallurgy"  with one conception completely deprived of  empiric bases : the idea, than many people still have, about the Mines to be formed as  trees, that are rising with their stalk from the entrails of our globe, raising up towards the surface of the Mountains, scattering in several parts their coppers, and one of the many chimeras imagined by the "Filosofanti", that  intentionallly, as masters, without having contemplate with attention the effects of the nature, and deprived of the much necessary experience, have darkened and brailed up the Philosophy, indeed to illuminate that.


The attack to the interpretation of the "Filosofanti", alchemists or  "minerists", undoubtedly meant to defend the seriousness of a working activity and of a search field that was not more completely abandoned  to theoretical conjectures: it is still the case to confirm  that then, like later on, the Venetian scientist would have always considered the own technical-mining preparation as a irreplaceable basis for many  more properly scientific and in particular geologic observations .

Expressing gratitude to the Auditor Franchini Taviani for the received assignment, Arduino, between the other, had the precious opportunity to carry out "other various observation, pertaining to the History of the Fossil Reign  ", Arduino informs also about his imminent leaving from Tuscany, yield necessary because of the engagement of works accumulated in Vicenza and because the unhealthy climate of la Maremma, in which he had to work uninterruptedly for beyond a year1/2, deteriotating his health.[152 ] ' Giovanni Arduino leave in fact the Tuscany around the end of the summer 1757. The Mineral Society of Livorno had to accept,  although reluctantly, the decision of the Supervisor: but the official justification of the leaving, that is the fear to lose the employment in Vicenza, is not convincing and sibylline, because as soon as he crossed the Appennines , Arduino would have been stopped in Sassuolo, in the Dukedom of Modena, to direct for some months an other enterprise of copper-bearing extractions.
Undoubtedly, his experience in Tuscany  had disappointed him, or at least  had tired the "veronese mineralogist", this time betrayed , not by the eagerness of the State (as in the case of Vicenza), but by the pitiless narrowness of equipments and of funds that were given at disposal by the Society in Livorno.'

Rough translation from an obsolete Italian:

http://www.occxam.it/Storia/Homestoria/Dal1700al1900/Arduino/Nuncius.htm



Giovanni Arduino's sketch section of the Agno Valley, near Vicenza, Italy, 1758.


Quotes:


“I have always loved to begin with the facts, to observe them, to walk in the light of experiment and demonstrate as much as possible, and to discuss the results. ”-- Giovanni Arduino

“From whatever I have been able to observe up to this time the series of strata which form the visible crust of the earth appear to me classified in four general and successive orders. These four orders can be conceived to be four very large strata, as they really are, so that wherever they are exposed, they are disposed one above the other, always in the same order.”
-- Giovanni Arduino


“[Fossils found in the Secondary formation are] unrefined and imperfect [species and the species in the Tertiary formation] are very perfect and wholly similar to those that are seen in the modern sea. [Thus] as many ages have elapsed during the elevation of the Alps, as there are races of organic fossil bodies embedded within the strata . ”
-- Giovanni Arduino


“With the sole guidance of our practical knowledge of those physical agents which we see actually used in the continuous workings of nature, and of our knowledge of the respective effects induced by the same workings, we can with reasonable basis surmise what the forces were which acted even in the remotest times.”
-- Giovanni Arduino

http://www.todayinsci.com/cgi-bin/indexpage.pl?http://www.todayinsci.com/3/3_30.htm

_______________________________________

Using RIYAL 2.60

Assuming Caprino Veronese (Lat45n36 -  Lon10e47),  October 16, 1714, at noon (converted to 11h16m52s UT by Astrodienst).


Astrological Setting (Tropical - Placidus)




    RIYAL  Tue October 16 1714  UT 11h16m52s  Lat45n36  Lon10e47   SORT ALL     


Planet
Longit.
Latitude
Declin.
Const.
H.D.
Period
Inclin.
O.Range
RM43
0Sa08   
10n44
9s42   
Sco  
134.6
860  
28.8
[35..146]
Logos
0Li10
2n13
1n58
Vir
43.2  
302
2.9  
[40..50]
TX300
0Ar17 r
17n46
16n22
Peg
40.3
287
25.8
[38..49]
GQ21
0Ta24 r
4s44
7n12  
Cet  
131.6
905  
13.3  
[39..148]
YQ179
0Pi33 r
15s10
25s24
Aqr   
132.6
838
20.9
[38..140]
HB57
0Ge34 r
11s27
9n05
Tau
172.2
2022  
15.5
[39..281]
EL61
0Li36
24n57   
22n31
Com  
51.5
282
28.2
[34..52]
FZ173
0Ta48 r
6n54
18n13  
Ari
132.0
792
12.6
[33..138]
XX143
0Vi50
4n59   
15n51
Leo  
25.5
75
6.8
[10..26]
MS4
0Sa53
8n50
11s43  
Sco
47.7  
269
17.8
[36..48]
KF77
0Vi57
2n49
13n47
Leo
28.7
132
4.3
[20..32]
Eris  
1Sc02
0n44
11s10
Vir  
39.5  
556
44.0
[38..97]
WL7
1Aq09
9s29
29s10
Mic
22.3   
91
11.1
[15..25]
Varuna
1Ca09 r
1s07
22n22
Gem
42.8
283
17.2
[41..46]
Vesta
1Ta34 r
11s18
1n25
Cet
2.5
4  
7.1  
[2..3]
XA255
1Pi55 r
10s01
20s08
Aqr
34.3
163  
12.7
[9..50]
Quaoar
2Sa06
6n42
14s02
Sco
43.5  
284
8.0
[42..45]
Damocles
2Aq09 r
8s38  
28s07    
Cap
15.3
40
61.8
[2..22]
Cyllarus
2Aq13
12s27
31s48
Mic
17.5
135  
12.6
[16..36]
Typhon
2Ar20 r
0n37
1n30
Psc
47.6
234
2.4  
[18..58]
AZ84
2Ge52 r
1n26
22n10
Tau
45.8  
250
13.5  
[33..47]
CZ118
3Ge02 r
27n35
47n41
Per
158.7  
1238
27.7
[38..192]
FY9
3Li07  
27n26
23n48
Com
52.6
306
29.0
[38..53]
Okyrhoe
3Pi19 r
4n56
5s43
Aqr
10.2
23  
15.6
[6..10]
RR43
3Ta49 r
22s41  
8s35
Eri
37.8
287
28.5
[37..50]
TD10
3Li55
0n17
1s18
Vir   
160.3
928
6.1
[12..178]
Mars
3Vi58   
1n25
11n23  
Leo
1.7  
2
1.9
PN34
4Ca14 r
6n29
29n53
Aur
44.4
 173
16.6
[13..49]
GM137
5Ar00 r
17s12
13s46  
Cet
9.1
23
15.4
[7..9]
Hephaistos
5Ta07 r
1s20
11n59  
Ari
3.1
3
16.2
[0..4]
OX3
5Li16  
3s06
4s56
Vir  
40.2  
181
3.3  
[17..46]
RZ215
6Vi03
0n54
10n09  
Leo
147.4
1022  
25.6
[31..172]
Phaethon
6Ge11 r  
19n15
40n17  
Per
2.4
1
20.3
[0..2]  
CF119
6Pi17 r
12n16
2n12
Peg
130.1
841
19.7
[39..139]
FP185
6Ta22 r
21s27
6s39
Eri
185.5
3197
30.7
[35..399]
CO104
6Pi25 r   
0s38
9s46  
Aqr
26.8
118   
3.0
[21..27]
Orcus
6Ca25 r
3s58
19n21
Gem
41.7
248
20.5
[31..48]
Ceres
6Li37
7n42
4n26
Vir
2.6  
5
10.6
[3..3]
Juno
6Li39
1n45
1s02
Vir
3.0
4
13.1  
[2..3]
Huya
6Le47
10s03
8n51
Cnc
40.0
247
15.5
[29..50]
Elatus  
6Sc55
4n28
9s37
Lib
16.9
43
6.0
[7..17]
Urania
6Li57  
1s14
3s53
Vir
2.6
0  
0.0
[0..0]  
Hylonome
7Ge08 r
4s04
17n31
Tau
26.2
126  
4.2
[19..31]
OP32
7Aq15 r
21n43
2n34
Del   
40.4
285
27.2
[39..48]
Atlantis  
7Sc17
1s13
15s07
Lib  
2.3
0
0.0
[0..0]
Venus
7Sa30
2s33
24s06  
Oph
0.7
1
3.4   
Sedna
7Pi36 r
3s37  
12s05
Aqr
213.2
11976
11.9
[77..970]
Pluto
7Vi39
13n01
20n45
Leo
33.2
247
17.2
[30..49]
GB32
7Ge46 r
13s47
8n02
Ori
187.4  
2984
14.2
[36..379]
DH5
8Sa00
21n48
0s08
Oph
24.6
103
22.5
[14..30]
OM67
8Vi04
6s13
2n47
Sex
135.0
970
23.4
[39..157]
Neptune
8Ta16 r  
1s51
12n31
Ari
29.8
166
1.8
SA278
8Cp24
15n07
8s07
Sct
143.4
888
16.3
[33..152]
UX25
8Ar38 r
4n11  
7n16
Psc
43.9
281
19.4
[37..49]
GZ32
8Ar41 r
15s39
10s55
Cet
23.7  
111
15.1
[18..28]
VR130
9Sc06
2n17
12s23
Lib  
33.1   
117
3.6
[15..33]
CY118
9Ar50 r
13s53
8s51
Cet
134.9
862
25.5
[35..146]
VS2
9Pi52 r
10n15
1n37
Peg
38.2
249
14.8
[36..43]
Vertex
10Le18
CR105
10Aq27r
2s41
20s14
Cap   
162.6
3338
22.8  
[44..402]
RL43
11Sc27
10n37
5s11
Lib
24.7
121  
12.3
[23..26]
QD112
12Ca22r  
14n15
37n04
Aur
29.9
84
14.5
[8..30]
TY364
12Aq58r
1n05
15s54
Cap
41.4
243
24.8
[36..41]
Lilith
13Li46
3s56  
9s03
Vir
3.0
0
0.0  
[0..0]
Jupiter
13Ar49 r
1s38
3n57   
Psc
5.0
12
1.3
BU48
13Sa53
11n29
11s06
Oph
43.8  
192
14.3
[20..46]
Talos
14Cp09
6n24
16s22
Sgr  
1.5  
1
23.4
[0..2]
QB1
14Ar10 r
0n43
6n15
Psc
41.0
294
2.1
[41..48]
Asbolus
14Ge11r
16n58
39n22  
Aur
21.4
76
17.6
[7..29]
Hidalgo
14Li21
5n49
0s18
Vir  
4.4
0
0.0
[0..0]   
CO1
14Ca51
9n04
31n39
Gem
15.9
95
19.7
[11..31]
Pylenor
15Aq22r
0s30
16s44
Cap
12.0
69
5.5
[12..22]
Pelion
15Sc45
8n42
8s14
Lib
18.2
90
9.4  
[17..23]
SB60
15Aq53r
16n25
0s23
Aqr
41.8
274
23.9
[38..47]
Radamantus
16Ca38
12n37
34n57
Gem
33.2
245  
12.7
[33..45]
XZ255
17Sa16
0s14
23s06  
Oph    
16.0  
63
2.6  
[15..16]
RN43    
17Cp30
18n35
3s53
Aql  
41.1
268
19.3
[41..43]
RZ214
17Vi32
14s17
8s13
Crt  
122.5
775
20.6
[36..132]
Amycus
17Ta47 r
13n38
30n12
Per
31.0
126
13.3
[15..35]
TC302
18Li03
1n20
5s52
Vir
50.8
409
35.1  
[39..71]
KX14
18Vi20
0s21
4n17
Leo
40.6
241
0.4
[37..41]
RD215
18Li28
3s46  
10s44
Vir
151.7  
1348
26.1  
[37..207]
Uranus
19Vi06
0n44
5n00
Leo  
18.3  
84
0.8
Saturn
19Vi19
1n53
5n58
Vir    
9.4
29
2.5
Thereus
19Ta43 r
9s22
8n39  
Tau
12.5
38
20.1
[9..14]  
UR163
20Ge18r
0n26
23n33
Tau  
64.4
372
0.7  
[37..66]
Nessus
20Ta23 r
6n07
23n46  
Ari
31.5  
120
15.6
[12..37]
Pallas
20Li25
12n35
3n41
Vir  
2.5
5
34.5
[2..3]  
Chiron
20Aq26r
6n30  
8s32  
Aqr  
16.0
48
7.0
[8..18]  
Chariklo
20Aq28r  
11n14  
4s01    
Aqr
17.9
63
23.4
[13..18]
MW12
20Sa37
21n07
2s05
Oph  
46.1
308  
21.6
[39..52]
PB112
20Li45
7s18
14s52
Vir   
150.8  
1111
15.5
[35..180]
Icarus
21Sa28
8s00
31s11
Sco  
1.9
1
23.5
[0..2]
TL66
21Sc31
7n47
10s39
Lib
125.9
759
24.1
[35..132]
Heracles
21Aq52r
5n16
9s15  
Aqr
3.0
2
10.5
[0..3]
OO67
21Li56
18n02
8n11
Vir  
216.7
13561
20.1
[20..1117]
PJ30
22Ge10r
2n37
25n51
Tau
154.6
1361
5.6
[29..217]
Apogee
22Li26 r
3s11  
11s42  
Vir
(Moon)
22Cp39
4n08
17s29
Sgr
1.0
0
5.2    
Sun
22Li42
0n00  
8s51
Vir
1.0    
1
0.0
AW197
22Vi47
20s44
16s08
Crt
43.2
323
24.4  
[41..53]
Flora
22Vi58
3n26
5n57  
Vir
2.4
0
0.0
[0..0]
Bienor
23Sa00
18s54
42s09
Sco
18.6
67
20.7
[13..20]
Ixion
23Li15  
13n37
3n37
Vir  
48.6
247
19.6
[30..49]
Mercury
23Li19
0n44
8s24
Vir
0.4
0
7.0
UJ438
24Ge02r
0n16
23n37
Tau
8.6
74
3.8
[8..27]
VQ94
24Pi04 r
59s35  
54s16  
Eri  
206.0
2608
70.1
[7..372]
Pholus
24Ta23 r
24s25
4s50    
Eri
10.7    
92
24.7  
[9..32]
Ceto
24Aq33r
9n12
4s40
Aqr   
156.9
1017  
22.2  
[18..184]
BL41
26Cp07
4n49
16s14
Sgr
9.6
31  
13.3  
[7..13]
(Midheav)
26Li29
0n00
10s14
Vir   
GV9
26Vi37  
20s24  
17s19
Crt  
38.7
270
22.0
[39..45]  
TO66
26Pi38 r
3n07
1n32   
Psc
45.9  
287
27.3
[38..48]
Echeclus
26Le56  
2s01
10n39
Leo
16.2
37
4.4  
[6..16]
Toro
27Sc02
1s49
21s17  
Sco
1.7
2
9.3  
[1..2]
XR190
27Li32
34s03
41s46
Cen  
52.8
430
46.7  
[53..61]
Crantor
28Ta00 r
11s12
8n49
Tau
23.6   
86
12.8  
[14..25]
Chaos
28Ge09r
7n59
31n27
Aur   
41.1
311  
12.0  
[41..51]
(Ascend)
28Sa24
0n00
23s28
Sgr
QB243
29Ge20r
5n47
29n15
Aur
50.9  
203
6.8
[15..54]
SQ73
29Ta24 r
13n01
32n44
Per
18.0
75
17.5
[15..21]
FZ53
29Aq38r  
27n37
14n18  
Peg   
33.9
116
34.8
[12..35]
Deucalion
29Li54
0n08
11s20
Vir  
43.4  
291
0.3
[41..47]
Node
29Sc58sr
0n00
20s10
Sco

Celsius    24 Ca 53           Kelvin         8 Sc 10           Richter      3 sc 31  
Cuvier      24 Ar 06            Milankovitch   6 Ca 48      Tazieff       6 Li 55
Darwin     25 Sa 17           Mohorovicich  8 Sa 18     Vulcano  13 Sc 45
Flammario  21 Ca 29       Nephele   28 Ta 13            Wegener  1 Ge 46
Flammeus    2 Pi 22         Plinius      17 Li 41             Werner     0 Ge 24

_______________________________

Focused Minor Planets

OO67      =  21 Li 56
Sun         = 22 Li 42
Ixion         = 23 Li 15
PB112     = 20 Li 45
Pallas      = 20 Li 25   
Mercury  = 23 Li 19

AW197    = 22 Vi 47      Semisextile
TL66       = 21 Sc 31     

Icarus     =  21 Sa 28     Sextile

Heracles = 21 Aq 52 r   Trine
Chiron     = 20 Aq 26 r

Flammario = 21 Ca 29  Square

Pluto       =   7 Vi 39      Semisquare
RZ215     =   6 Vi 03
Venus     =  7 Sa 30
Mohorovicich  = 8 Sa 18
_________________


Orcus     =    6 Ca 25 r
Milankovitch  =  6 Ca 48
SA278    =    8 Cp 24

Pluto      =    7 Vi 39         Sextile

Venus    =    7 Sa 30        Quincunx

Tazieff     =    6 Li 55         Square
___________________


TY364    = 12 Aq 58 r      

Jupiter  = 13 Ar 49 r    Sextile

Vulcano  = 13 Sc 45     Square
___________________


Others:

Quaoar     =    2 Sa 06
Wegener  =    1 Ge 46
AZ84         =    2 Ge 52 r

Mars         =    3 Vi 58      Square
Flammeus  =  2 Pi 22

Varuna      =   1 Ca 09 r   Quincunx
________________


VQ94      =    24 Pi 04 r        (dramatic, drastic innovations)
AW197   =    22 Vi 47

Mercury  = 23 Li 19    Quincunx
Sun       =   22 Li 42

Celsius =   24 Ca 53    Trine

Cuvier   =  24 Ar 06      Semisextile

Darwin  =  25 Sa 17     Square
_____________________________
_____________________________


Astrological Setting (Sidereal - Fagan/Bradley)

    RIYAL  Tue October 16 1714  UT 11h16m52s  Lat45n36  Lon10e47   SORT ALL                       


Planet
Longit.
PB112
0Li00
Icarus
0Sa42
TL66
0Sc46
Heracles
1Aq06 r
OO67
1Li10
PJ30
1Ge24 r
Apogee
1Li40 r
(Moon)
1Cp54
Sun
1Li57
AW197
2Vi01
Flora
2Vi12
Bienor
2Sa15
Ixion
2Li30
Mercury
2Li34
UJ438
3Ge16 r
VQ94
3Pi18 r
Pholus
3Ta37 r  
Ceto
3Aq48 r
BL41
5Cp22
(Midheav)
5Li44
GV9
5Vi51
TO66
5Pi53 r
Echeclus
6Le10
XR190
6Li46
Crantor
7Ta14 r
Chaos
7Ge24 r  
(Ascend)
7Sa38
QB243
8Ge35 r  
SQ73
8Ta38 r
FZ53
8Aq52 r
Deucalion
9Li08  
Node
9Sc12 sr
RM43
9Sc22
Logos
9Vi24
TX300
9Pi31 r
GQ21
9Ar38 r
YQ179
9Aq48 r
HB57
9Ta48 r  
EL61
9Vi51
FZ173
10Ar02 r
XX143
10Le04
MS4
10Sc08
KF77
10Le11  
Eris
10Li16
WL7
10Cp23
Varuna
10Ge23r
Vesta
10Ar49 r
XA255
11Aq09r
Quaoar
11Sc20  
Damocles
11Cp23r
Cyllarus
11Cp27
Typhon
11Pi34 r
AZ84
12Ta07 r
CZ118
12Ta16 r
FY9
12Vi21
Okyrhoe
12Aq33r
RR43
13Ar04 r
TD10
13Vi10
Mars
13Le12
PN34
13Ge28r
GM137
14Pi14 r
Hephaistos
14Ar21 r
OX3
14Vi30
RZ215
15Le17
Phaethon
15Ta26 r
CF119
15Aq31r
FP185  
15Ar36 r
CO104
15Aq39r
Orcus
15Ge40r
Ceres   
15Vi52
Juno
15Vi53
Huya
16Ca02
Elatus
16Li09
Urania
16Vi11
Hylonome
16Ta22 r
OP32
16Cp29r
Atlantis
16Li32
Venus
16Sc44
Sedna
16Aq50r
Pluto
16Le53
GB32                      
17Ta00 r
DH5
17Sc14
OM67
17Le19
Neptune
17Ar30 r
SA278
17Sa38
UX25
17Pi52 r
GZ32
17Pi55 r
VR130
18Li20
CY118
19Pi05 r
VS2
19Aq06r
Vertex
19Ca33
CR105
19Cp41r
RL43
20Li41
QD112
21Ge36r
TY364
22Cp12r
Lilith
23Vi00
Jupiter
23Pi03 r
BU48
23Sc07
Talos
23Sa23
QB1
23Pi24 r
Asbolus
23Ta25 r
Hidalgo
23Vi35
CO1
24Ge05
Pylenor
24Cp36r
Pelion
24Li59
SB60
25Cp07r  
Radamantus
25Ge52
XZ255
26Sc30
RN43
26Sa44
RZ214
26Le46  
Amycus
27Ar01 r
TC302
27Vi17
KX14
27Le35
RD215
27Vi42
Uranus
28Le21      
Saturn
28Le33
Thereus
28Ar57 r
UR163
29Ta32 r
Nessus
29Ar37 r
Pallas
29Vi39
Chiron
29Cp40r  
Chariklo
29Cp43r  
MW12
29Sc51

Celsius        4 Ca 08        Kelvin      17 Li 24              Richter      12 Li 46  
Cuvier          3 Ar 20         Milankovitch  16 Ge 02     Tazieff       16 Vi 09  
Darwin         4 Sa 41        Mohorovicich  17 Sc 32    Vulcano    22 Li 59
Flammario   0 Ca 43       Nephele     7 Ta 27             Wegener  11 Ta 00
Flammeus 11 Aq 36        Plinius      26 Vi 57             Werner       9 Ta 38  
_________________________

Focused Minor Planets

OO67      =   1 Li 10
Sun         =   1 Li 57
Ixion        =   2 Li 30
PB112     =   0 Li 00
Pallas      =  29 Vi 39
Mercury  =   2 Li 34

AW197    =   2 Vi 01         Semisextile
TL66       =    0 Sc 46   

Icarus      =    0 Sa 42       Sextile

Heracles =   1 Aq 06 r     Trine
Chiron     = 29 Cp 40r

Flammario = 0 Ca 43      Square

Pluto       =  16 Le 53      Semisquare
RZ215     =  15 Le 17
Venus     =  16 Sc 44
Mohorovicich  = 17 Sc 32
_________________


Orcus     =   15 Ge 40r
Milankovitch  =  16 Ge 02
SA278    =   17 Sa 38

Pluto      =  16 Le 53           Sextile

Venus    =   16 Sc 44         Quincunx

Tazieff     =   16 Vi 09          Square

Kelvin      =   17 Li 24          Trine
___________________


TY364    =    22 Cp12 r   

Jupiter  =   23 Pi 03 r        Sextile

Vulcano  =   22 Li 59          Square
___________________


Others:

Quaoar     =    11 Sc 20
Wegener  =    11 Ta 00
AZ84        =    12 Ta 07 r

Mars        =     13  Le 12    Square
Flammeus  =  11 Aq 36

Varuna    =     10 Ge 23r   Quincunx
__________________


VQ94      =   3 Pi 18 r     (dramatic, drastic innovations)     
AW197    =  2 Vi 01          

Mercury  = 2 Li 34        Quincunx
Ixion         =  2 Li 30
Sun         =  1 Li 57

Celsius    =  4 Ca 08      Trine

Cuvier     =  3 Ar 20        Semisextile

Darwin    =  4 Sa 41       Square
___________________________________________

Posted to Centaurs (YahooGroups) on February 18, 2007

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________